备考2021年高考英语一轮复习42：说明文写作考试试卷

备考2021年高考英语一轮复习42：说明文写作
一、书面表达
1．（2020·徐汇模拟）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea
and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words
as far as possible.
Teaching Children about Forgiveness
If you've seen your children struggle to forgive
someone for hurting them, you know that forgiveness is complicated.
After all, forgiveness is complicated for adults, too. At times, we wonder why we're
trying to forgive someone anyway; later, we might think we've forgiven them, only
to experience a sudden burst of anger. Indeed, it takes many years for us to grasp
the meaning of forgiveness as we grow up.
It's understandable that children may feel hurt
or angry when a friend does something less-than-kind to them. Maybe the friend said
something unkind or broke something precious, embarrassed them, excluded them, or
told their secrets. Children may be tempted to get even with a friend who's done
them wrong, by doing something worse or telling everyone how terrible the friend
is, but trying to get revenge only escalates (升级) the conflict.
Parents can play an important role in teaching
children about forgiveness. Children watch how important adults in their lives respond
when someone does something unkind. Do they complain to others or speak directly
to the person involved How long does it take them to get over being mad or hurt
How do they get over it Parents
can teach their children about the value of forgiveness by regularly practicing
it in their own lives.
Sometimes parents can talk with their children
about forgiveness, based on where kids are in their cognitive (认知的) and emotional
development. For example, children need to understand that no one is perfect, so
generously forgiving a well-meaning friend is a caring thing to do. If parents can
help children see things a little more from other people's perspective, this will
make forgiveness easier. These conversations can change the way children think about
forgiveness and help them emotionally recover when they inevitably experience harm
and unfair treatment from others in life.
2．（2020·黄浦模拟）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)
of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Does
your memory fail as you age
I'm 62 years old. Like many of my friends, I
forget names that I used to be able to recall effortlessly. When packing my suitcase
for a trip. I walk to the bedroom and by the time I get there, I don't remember
what I came for. And yet my long-term memories are perfect. I remember the names
of my third-grade classmates, the first record album I bought my wedding day.
This is widely understood to be a classic problem
of aging. But the problem is not necessarily age-related I've been teaching undergraduates
for my entire career and I can prove that even 20-year-olds make short-term memory
errors- loads of them. They walk into the wrong classroom; they show up to exams
without the required No. 2 pencil; they forget something I just said two minutes
before. These are similar to the kinds of things 70-year-olds do.
The relevant difference is not age but rather
how we describe these events, the stories we tell ourselves about them. Twenty-year-olds
don't think, "Oh dear, this must be early-onset Alzheimer (早老性痴呆症) ." They think," I really need to get more than four hours
of sleep." The 70-year-olds observe these same events and worry about their
brain health. This is to say that every error of short-term memory doesn't necessarily
indicate a biological disorder.
So how do we account for our subjective experience
that older adults seem to search for words and names with difficulty First, there
is a generalized cognitive(认知的) slowing with
age-but given a little more time, older adults perform just fine. Second, older
adults have to search through more memories than younger adults to find the fact
or piece of information they're looking for. Your brain becomes crowded with memories
and information. It's not that you can't remember-you can -it's just that there
is so much more information to sort through.
3．（2020·上海模拟）Read the following
passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more
than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Fed up
with constantly having to recharge or replace batteries in your ever-expanding electronic
devices The solution may be just a few steps away. "Energy harvesting"
promises to power countless consumer devices, often with nothing more than your
body's movement or heat.
Among
the most basic forms of the technology is body power. When certain materials are
squeezed or stretched, the movement of their atoms creates an electrical charge.
Automatic watches have employed the concept for decades, for example, by winding
themselves when their user moves their arm. Now, the concept is being considered
for a number of other devices. In a contest seeking visionary ideas for wearable
technologies, Intel awarded $5,000 for a concept to change the temperature difference
between a person's body and a special piece of clothing they'd wear into electricity
for mobile devices. Using sound to power devices is another energy-harvesting variation.
Stanford University engineers are testing smart microchips that create electricity
from ultrasound to power implantable devices that can analyze a person's nervous
system or treat their diseases. A textile research association in Spain is proposing
to obtain electricity from radio waves that flow around everyone to power sensors
sewn into clothes, which can monitor a person's heartbeat or other vital signs.
Obtaining
stable energy from devices can be complex, however. For one thing, the motion that
generates the electricity has to be constant to be useful. Moreover, the amount
of power the devices produce depends on the person using them, according to a Columbia
University study. It determined that taller people on average provide about 20 percent
more power than shorter ones when walking, running or cycling. It's also unclear
how eagerly consumers might welcome energy-harvesting products.
4．（2020·浙江模拟）阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
Two years
ago, Li Yuhua's daughter taught her
how to shop online. Since then, the 51-year-old farmer in Wushan has been a
regular online shopper. Shoppers like Li Yuhua
are the new target for China's ecommerce giants, including Alibaba
Group, which operates the Taobao platform,
and . Rural China added 3 million more Internet users in the first half,
taking the total number to 225 million, or 26.3%, of the country's total Internet
population of 854 million, according to a report on rural ecommerce development
released last week by the China International Electronic Commerce Center. That
helped improve rural online sales in the first half of the year by 21% to 777.1
billion yuan (US$109.6 billion), outpacing the national growth rate by 3.2
percentage points.
"However, it is a little bit early to
say that China's ecommerce battlefield is moving to rural China," said
Chen Tao, a senior analyst at consultancy Analysys. Unlike urban residents,
most rural Chinese haven't experienced ecommerce shopping. While that provides
online platforms with one of the last undeveloped markets for ecommerce,
progress has been slow due to the lack of infrastructure (基础设施) and logistics (物流) support.
To address
that problem, China's second-largest ecommerce operator, hired more
deliverymen and tested drone (无人机) delivery
services to improve service in rural China. Alibaba Group, China's largest
ecommerce player, announced in April last year that it had invested US$717
million in Huitongda Network Co., which helps to boost sales in 15,000 towns
across 18 provinces.
Another inhibiting factor in the
development of rural ecommerce is the income gap. In 2018, annual per capita
disposable income (人均可支配收入) in
rural areas was 14,600 yuan (US$2,065) compared with 39,300 yuan (US$5,559) in
cities. "Lower disposable incomes in rural areas limit the consumption,"
said analyst Chen. "It also takes time to educate rural residents to
accept ecommerce services as most of them are new to online. There is still a
long way to go to popularize online shopping in rural China."
5．（2020·上海模拟）Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main
point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as
possible.
Rising global temperatures are increasing
exposure to heat stress, which harms human health, agriculture, the economy and
the environment. Most climate studies on projected heat stress have focused on
heat extremes but not considered the role of humidity, another key driver.
"When we look at the risks of a warmer
planet, we need to pay particular attention to combined extremes of heat and
humidity, which are especially dangerous to human health," said senior
author Robert E. Kopp.
"Every bit of global warming make shot,
humid days more frequent and intense. In New York City, for example, the
hottest, most humid day in a typical year already occurs about 11 times more
frequently than it would have in the 19th century," said lead author Dawei
Li.
Heat stress is caused by the body's inability
to cool down properly through sweating. Body temperature can rise rapidly, and
high temperatures may damage the brain and other vital organs. Heat stress
ranges from milder conditions like heat rash and heat cramps to heat
exhaustion, the most common type. Heat stroke, the most serious heat-related
illness, can kill or cause permanent disability without emergency treatment,
according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The study looked at how combined extremes of
heat and humidity increase on a warming Earth, using 40 climate simulations to
get statistics on rare events. The study focused on a measure of heat stress
that accounts for temperature, humidity and other environmental factors, including
wind speed, sun angle and solar and infrared radiation.
Annual exposure to extreme heat and humidity in
excess of safety guidelines is projected to affect areas currently home to
about 500 million people if the planet warms by 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7degrees
Fahrenheit) and nearly 800 million at 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees
Fahrenheit). The planet has already warmed by about 1.2 degrees (2.2 degrees
Fahrenheit) above late 19th century levels.
An estimated 1.2 billion people would be
affected with 3 degrees Celsius (5.4 degrees Fahrenheit) of warming, as
expected by the end of this century under current global policies.
6．（2020·金山模拟）Directions: Read the
following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage
in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Herbal Medicine
Herbal
medicine, which has been used for medicinal purposes, is the use of plants to
treat diseases. Many herbalists use the entire plant, from the flowers, stems,
leaves, and roots, in the form of everything from teas to pills. These plants
contain natural, chemical things that can treat the body for a variety of
diseases, such as allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, migraine, chronic
fatigue, and cancer, among others.
Nowadays
an increasing number of people prefer to adopt these plants to treat their
diseases because, compared with chemical medicine, herbal medicine has its own
advantages. Herbal medicine and remedies are more effective than chemical
medicine for certain diseases. The chemical medicine given by a chemist could
have certain negative side effects. However, many of the herbal medicine and
remedies to not have negative side effects. If any, they are softer than
chemical medicine. Obesity is the cause of many of the health problems. Herbal
medicine can help weight loss more effectively and improve overall health.
However,
the cure using herbal medicine and supplements would take some time, and
therefore people are supposed to possess enough patience. Worse still, herbal
medicine contains a variety of ingredients and people have to be sure that
their body agrees with the ingredients and that it is not allergic(过敏).
A
point worth mentioning here is that herbal remedies and medicine for certain
illnesses may have negative side effects. These side effects may not be shown
at once, but would take months or even years. In the early stages, if the
herbal medicine is not agreeing with you, it is wise to stop using it.
When
used correctly and directed by doctors, herbs can help treat a variety of
disease. But keep in mind that the herbal medicine industry is not regulated,
so herbal products are often misleading and may contain additives that are not
listed on the label. Some herbs may cause allergic reactions or interact with
other drugs, and some are poisonous if used improperly or at high doses. Taking
herbs on your own increases your risk.
7．（2020·宝山模拟）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Every culture has set rules about how people should act. Patterns of good behavior, or manners, show respect and care for others. Yet the details of how to express respect vary.
Greeting people cheerfully is almost always considered polite. But it's more important in some cultures than others. For example, when you enter a store in France, you should always greet the person working there. Other cultures also value greeting people. But of course the greetings vary as people speak different languages.
When I was growing up in the United States, I once participated in a performance at my church. Afterward, someone gave me a compliment, but I felt like I had done a bad job. So I tried to refuse the compliment, saying, "No, I didn't do that well." My mother got my attention and told me that was very rude. Later I learned that refusing a compliment is accepted and even approved of in China.
Some of the biggest cultural differences have to do with table manners. In North America, it's polite to eat as quietly as possible. That means chewing with your mouth closed and not slurping(吃东西时发出的声音)your soup. The same goes for burping(打嗝). But in parts of Asia slurping shows that you are enjoying your meal. And burping is a sign of being full and content.
There are also differences in how people eat across cultures. For example, in North America and Europe people use forks to bring food to their mouths. But in Thailand, a fork is only used to push food onto a spoon. In India and the Middle East, people eat with their hands. But eating with the left hand is forbidden. This is because the left hand is considered unclean.
Yet there are also similar points across cultures. Saying "please" and "thank you", for example, is almost always polite. If you show appreciation and try to follow local customs, people will generally respond well. Showing kindness can bring people together, no matter what culture they come from.
8．（2020·浦东新模拟）Directions: Read the following
passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no
more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Britain's Buses are Getting Emptier
In Britain, buses account for more public - transport trips than trains,
tubes and trams put together. People love them, in theory: one poll by
Transport Focus, a consumer group, found that 74% of young people think they
are a good way of getting around and 85% believe it is important for a place to
have a good bus service. There is just one problem. In practice, Britions are
taking buses less and less.
Why are London buses emptier One thing that has changed is young people's
behavior. The young are heavy bus users when they travel. But, increasingly,
they do not travel. According to Transport for London, the average 17 - to
24-year-old took 2.3 transport trips per day in the year 2011- 12 but only 1.7
in 2018 - 19. The National Travel Survey confirms that no group has cut back
harder on travel since the early 2000s than teenagers. Young people are more diligent
these days, and stay in school for longer. They can do the things that young
people love to do on their phones, without going out.
The other big bus users are the poor and the old, especially outside
London, but both are turning away from buses to cars. Lower lending standards
have made cars easier to acquire; a fuel-tax freeze and fuel - saving engines
make them cheaper to run. Cars are ever more comfortable and easier to operate,
with parking-assist technology and lane-drifting alerts to help starters.
Outside London, the average free bus pass was used 90 times in the year 2010-11
but only 74 times in 2018-19, according to the Department for Transport.
Finally there is the gig economy (零工经济). Online shopping and Uber probably
substitute of bus trips as well as private car journeys. And they put new
vehicles on the roads, which slows everything down. The number of light-goods
vehicles in London has risen by 28% since 2012. Tony Travers of the London
School of Economics points out that bus speeds have fallen slightly in the
capital, even though private cars have almost been cleared up from the city
center. The average London bus now travels at 9.3 miles per hour. Just as
people become less inclined to run after buses, they are becoming easier to
catch.
9．（2019·虹口模拟）Directions: Read the following passage.
Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60
words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Coco-Cola's Innovative Solution to Plastic Pollution
Plastic pollution has become one of the most pressing problem of the 21st
Century with plastic waste almost everywhere. It is estimated that just in
2016, the world produced over 320 million tons of plastic, and this number is
set to double by 2034.
Plastic waste even makes its way into our oceans with 8 million pieces
of plastic pollution per day polluting our waters and destroying the habitat
for hundreds of species. It is now believed that there may be around 5.25
trillion pieces of plastic in the ocean weighing in total up to 269,000 tons.
It's been crystal clear for a long time that the situation is horrible
and something needs to be done, and fast. Luckily, Coca-Cola stepped up to the
challenge and came up with one innovative and rather effective solution. The
firm is replacing its plastic wrapping in Europe with a new paper board
technology.
This new tech is called the KeelClip
and it is a first for the non-alcohol ready-to-drink (NARTD) industry. Using
KeelClips, Coca-Cola aims to remove all plastic wrap from its can multipacks in
all European Union markets by the end of 2021. The firm is optimistic that the
move will save 2,000 tons of plastic and 3,000 tons of CO2 annually.
"Innovation is a key principle of our sustainable packaging work
and the application of this fully recyclable paperboard KeelClipTM, which is
composed of a top board that the cans clip into and central cardboard 'keel' --
similar to a ship's keel - that stabilizes the pack, is another example of how
we are delivering on our commitment to remove all unnecessary and hard to
recycle single-use plastic from our products. We hope this eco-friendly
initative is a conscious approach to dealing with plastic pollution," said
Joe Franses, Vice President, Sustainability at Coca-Cola European Partners.
10．（2020·嘉定模拟）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea
and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own
words as far as possible.
Most of us — even those at
the top — struggle with public-speaking anxiety. When I ask my clients what
makes them nervous, invariably they respond with the same answers: "I don't
like being watched", "I don't like the eyes on me" or "I
don't like being in the spotlight".
To understand why, we need
to go way back to prehistoric times, when humans regarded eyes watching us as
an existential threat. Those eyes were likely predators (肉食动物) and people were terrified of being eaten alive. The bad news is
that our brains have transferred the ancient fear of being watched into public
speaking. In other words, public-speaking anxiety is in our DNA.
Fortunately, there is a
solution: human generosity. The key to disarming our panic button is to turn
the focus away from ourselves and toward helping the audience. Studies have
shown that an increase in generosity indeed leads to a decrease in amygdala (扁桃腺) activity, which is responsible for our panic feeling in the
brain. When we are kind to others, we overcome the sense of being under attack
and start to feel less nervous.
Admittedly, this is hard to
do. But it's absolutely possible to become a generous speaker. To begin with,
when you start preparing for a presentation, the mistake you often make is
starting with the topic. Instead, you should start with the audience. Identify
the audience's needs, and craft a message that speaks directly to those needs.
Also, you are the most nervous right before you speak. This is the moment when
your brain is telling you, "Everyone is judging me." But it is
exactly the moment when you should refocus your brain. Over time, your brain
will begin to get it, and you will become less nervous.
答案解析部分
1．【答案】 Forgiveness is complicated and children's understanding of forgiving develops as they grow older. Children may feel angry and want to revenge when they feel hurt or wronged. Parents need to be good role models themselves and have age-appropriate discussions with children to help them see things from other people's perspective and better understand forgiveness.
【知识点】文字式说明文
【解析】【分析】本题是一篇概要写作。写作步骤：1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨，讲述了在孩子眼里，“原谅”这一过程的特征，以及作为父母应如何教导孩子学会原谅。2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【点评】本篇作文要点齐全，结构完整，条理清晰，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，熟练地使用了语句间的连接成分，使整个文章结构紧凑，很好地完成了写作任务。例如：Forgiveness is complicated and children's understanding of forgiving develops as they grow older. 运用了时间状语从句；Children may feel angry and want to revenge when they feel hurt or wronged. 运用了时间状语从句；Parents need to be good role models themselves and have age-appropriate discussions with children to help them see things from other people's perspective and better understand forgiveness.运用了宾语从句和不定式作目的状语。
2．【答案】 The author thinks that short-term memory failure, which both old and young suffer from, isn't necessarily age-related, though different age groups find different reasons for it. The old seem to have a poorer short-term memory because of natural cognitive slowing and too much information to search for.
【知识点】文字式说明文
【解析】【分析】本题是一篇概要写作。写作步骤：1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章说明了老年人和年轻人都会患有短期记忆障碍，这种病不一定与年龄有关。2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【点评】本书面表达要点齐全，上下文连贯，使用一定数量的句式结构，让句子更加生动丰满，同时运用了许多高级词汇和固定短语，提高文章的档次，体现了对英语的熟练的驾驭能力。例如：The author thinks that short-term memory failure, which both old and young suffer from, isn't necessarily age-related, though different age groups find different reasons for it. 运用了宾语从句，非限制性定语从句和让步状语从句；The old seem to have a poorer short-term memory because of natural cognitive slowing and too much information to search for.运用了介词短语作原因状语。
3．【答案】 Energy Harvesting (EH) is introduced in the passage as a promising way to charge batteries in face of the upsurge of E-devices. Three forms of retrieving electricity mentioned involve body power, sound, and radio waves. However, the complexity of obtaining stable energy and consumers' preference for conventional battery-powered devices are the two obstacles facing EH.
【知识点】其他作文；文字式说明文
【解析】【分析】本题是一篇概要写作。写作步骤：1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。本文介绍了一种新的绿色环保能源--身体能源．随着科技产品的普及，这种新能源科技的市场将会急剧增加。
2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【点评】本篇作文要点齐全，结构完整，条理清晰，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，熟练地使用了语句间的连接成分，使整个文章结构紧凑，很好地完成了写作任务。例如：Energy Harvesting (EH) is introduced in the passage as a promising way to charge batteries in face of the upsurge of E-devices. 运用了被动语态；Three forms of retrieving electricity mentioned involve body power, sound, and radio waves. 运用了过去分词作定语；However, the complexity of obtaining stable energy and consumers' preference for conventional battery-powered devices are the two obstacles facing EH.运用了现在分词作定语。
4．【答案】 China's ecommerce giants, JD and Alibaba, are competing for rural market, as the growing rural Internet population boosts online sales. However, lacking necessary infrastructure and logistic support, rural China market develops slowly. To handle that problem, relevant measures are taken respectively to promote service and sales. Still, there remains much to be done, considering the low income and the time needed to generalize online shopping in rural areas.
【知识点】文字式说明文
【解析】【分析】本题是一篇概要写作。文章主要讲述了中国的电商巨头京东和阿里巴巴竞争农村市场，以及过程中会遇到的问题。通读全文，我们可以从以下四点对文章进行概括：随着农村网络的普及促进网上销售，中国的电商巨头京东和阿里巴巴正在竞争农村市场；然而，由于缺乏必要的基础设施和物流支持，中国农村市场发展缓慢；针对这一问题，分别采取相应的措施来存进服务和销售；但，考虑到农村地区的低收入和推广网购的必要性，还有很多工作要做。
【点评】本书面表达要点齐全，上下文连贯，使用一定数量的句式结构，让句子更加生动丰满，同时运用了许多高级词汇和固定短语，提高文章的档次，体现了对英语的熟练的驾驭能力。例如：China's ecommerce giants, JD and Alibaba, are competing for rural market, as the growing rural Internet population boosts online sales. 运用了时间状语从句；However, lacking necessary infrastructure and logistic support, rural China market develops slowly. 运用了现在分词作状语；To handle that problem, relevant measures are taken respectively to promote service and sales.运用了不定式作目的状语和被动语态。
5．【答案】 Heat stress from extreme heat and humidity will annually affect areas now home to 1.2 billion people by 2100, assuming current greenhouse gas emissions, according to a new study. That's more than four times the number of people affected today, and more than 12 times the number who would have been affected without industrial era global warming.
【知识点】其他作文；文字式说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇概要写作。写作步骤：1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章说明了 高温高湿造成的热应激每年影响的地区在逐年增加；2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点；3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分；4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【点评】本篇作文要点齐全，结构完整，条理清晰，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，熟练地使用了语句间的连接成分，使整个文章结构紧凑，很好地完成了写作任务。例如：Heat stress from extreme heat and humidity will annually affect areas now home to 1.2 billion people by 2100, assuming current greenhouse gas emissions, according to a new study. 运用了现在分词作状语；That's more than four times the number of people affected today, and more than 12 times the number who would have been affected without industrial era global warming.运用了倍数的表达法，并列句，限制性定语从句和虚拟语气。
6．【答案】 Herbal medicine, abstracted from entire plants in various forms, is a way to treat some disease. It has more advantages over chemical medicine owing to its better effectiveness and milder side effects. However, herbal medicine also has disadvantages like time-consuming recovery, possible recovery, possible allergy. Therefore, it is advisable for us to use herbs cautiously in case of potentially risky consequences.
【知识点】其他作文；文字式说明文
【解析】【分析】本题是一篇概要写作。写作步骤：1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。现在越来越多人喜欢采用草药来治疗疾病，基于该现象，作者通过这篇文章介绍了草药的优缺点。
2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。考生可以从以下四个方面对本文进行总结：草药，以各种形式从植物种提取，是一种治疗疾病的方法；和化学药物相比，它具有更好的疗效和更小的副作用；草药也有缺点，例如恢复耗时长、可能的恢复，以及过敏可能。因此，医生建议我们谨慎使用草药，以免出现潜在的危险后果。4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【点评】本篇作文要点齐全，结构完整，条理清晰，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，熟练地使用了语句间的连接成分，使整个文章结构紧凑，很好地完成了写作任务。例如：Herbal medicine, abstracted from entire plants in various forms, is a way to treat some disease. 运用了过去分词作定语；It has more advantages over chemical medicine owing to its better effectiveness and milder side effects. 运用了形容词比较级；Therefore, it is advisable for us to use herbs cautiously in case of potentially risky consequences.运用了it作形式主语。
7．【答案】 It's about culture difference. Greeting cheerfully is polite anywhere Refusing compliments is rude in America but acceptable in China. Making a sound while eating is impolite in North America but not in parts of Asia. For example, people eat differently with people in some areas preferring folks while some with hands. Anyway, similarities still exist like saying "please" and "thank you".
【知识点】其他作文；文字式说明文
【解析】【分析】本题是是一篇概要写作。写作步骤：1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章从三个方面介绍了不同文化礼仪的区别和相似；2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点；3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节；（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容；（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬；（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好；（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【点评】本篇作文要点齐全，结构完整，条理清晰，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，熟练地使用了语句间的连接成分，使整个文章结构紧凑，很好地完成了写作任务。例如：Refusing compliments is rude in America but acceptable in China.运用了动名词作主语； Making a sound while eating is impolite in North America but not in parts of Asia.运用了省略； For example, people eat differently with people in some areas preferring folks while some with hands.运用了对比。
8．【答案】暂未更新
【知识点】其他作文；文字式说明文
【解析】【分析】本题是一篇概要写作。1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。说明了英国的公交车越来越空了，并分析了这一现象的原因。2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
【点评】本题对于考生的综合能力要求较高，要求考生有很强的谋篇布局的能力和组织要点的能力。需要注意紧扣文章主题。写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。
9．【答案】Suggested answers:
With plastic wastes invading the ocean and threatening marine lives, plastic pollution is among the most serious problems on the earth. To deal with the situation. Coca-Cola thinks of a creaive solution called KeelClip, which substitutes paper board for plastic wrapping, thus saving lots of plastic and CO2 annually. The case shows innovation behind Coca-Cola's commitment to sustainable eco-friendly packaging. (60 words)
【知识点】文字式说明文
【解析】【分析】本题是一篇概要写作。本文三方面概括了文章要点。根据第一段中Plastic pollution has become one of the most pressing problem of the 21st Century with plastic waste almost everywhere.(塑料污染已经成为21世纪最紧迫的问题之一，塑料垃圾几乎无处不在)可知，With plastic wastes invading the ocean and threatening marine lives, plastic pollution is among the most serious problems on the earth.(随着塑料垃圾进入海洋，威胁着海洋生物，塑料污染是地球上最严重的问题之一)；根据第二段中Luckily, Coca-Cola stepped up to the challenge and came up with one innovative and rather effective solution.(幸运的是，可口可乐公司接受了这一挑战，并提出了一个创新且相当有效的解决方案)和第三段中The firm is optimistic that the move will save 2,000 tons of plastic and 3,000 tons of CO2 annually.(该公司乐观地认为，此举每年将节省2000吨塑料和3000吨二氧化碳)可知，To deal with the situation. Coca-Cola thinks of a creaive solution called KeelClip, which substitutes paper board for plastic wrapping, thus saving lots of plastic and CO2 annually.(来处理这种情况。可口可乐公司想出了一种名为KeelClip的creaive解决方案，用纸板代替塑料包装，从而每年节省大量的塑料和二氧化碳)；再根据最后一段中Innovation is a key principle of our sustainable packaging work and the application of this fully recyclable paperboard KeelClipTM,(创新是我们可持续包装工作的关键原则，这种可完全回收的纸板KeelClipTM的应用)可知，The case shows innovation behind Coca-Cola's commitment to sustainable eco-friendly packaging.(这个案例展示了可口可乐公司对可持续环保包装的承诺背后的创新)。
【点评】本篇作文要点齐全，结构完整，条理清晰，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，熟练地使用了语句间的连接成分，使整个文章结构紧凑，很好地完成了写作任务。例如：With plastic wastes invading the ocean and threatening marine lives, plastic pollution is among the most serious problems on the earth. 运用了with的复合结构；To deal with the situation. Coca-Cola thinks of a creaive solution called KeelClip, which substitutes paper board for plastic wrapping, thus saving lots of plastic and CO2 annually. 运用了不定式作目的状语和非限制性定语从句。
10．【答案】 Many people have public-speaking anxiety because they fear being watched. The reason dates back to prehistoric times when humans regarded eyes watching them as those of the predators that would eat them. To solve the problem, people should be generous to the audience/ focus on helping the audience. They should speak directly to the audience's needs and refocus their brain before speaking.
【知识点】其他作文；文字式说明文
【解析】【分析】本题要求写一篇概要，是一篇说明文写作。首先，阅读材料，了解文章的基本内容。本篇阅读材料的核心内容是: 许多人都有公开演讲的焦虑，因为有很多眼睛盯着演讲者。原因是人类把史前时期对被食肉动物注视的恐惧变成了公开演讲。为了解决这个问题，人们应该专注于帮助听众，直接针对听众的需求说话，在说话之前重新集中他们的注意力。本篇文章的写作思路就是围绕“演讲焦虑的原因和解决方法展开。考生写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系，也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。特别注意在选择句式时要赋予变化。同时应选用合适的连接词或过渡词，使文章具有一定的连贯性。
【点评】本篇作文要点齐全，结构完整，条理清晰，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，熟练地使用了语句间的连接成分，使整个文章结构紧凑，很好地完成了写作任务。例如：Many people have public-speaking anxiety because they fear being watched. 运用了原因状语从句；The reason dates back to prehistoric times when humans regarded eyes watching them as those of the predators that would eat them. 运用了限制性定语从句；To solve the problem, people should be generous to the audience/ focus on helping the audience. 运用了不定式作目的状语；They should speak directly to the audience's needs and refocus their brain before speaking.运用了并列句。
备考2021年高考英语一轮复习42：说明文写作
一、书面表达
1．（2020·徐汇模拟）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea
and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words
as far as possible.
Teaching Children about Forgiveness
If you've seen your children struggle to forgive
someone for hurting them, you know that forgiveness is complicated.
After all, forgiveness is complicated for adults, too. At times, we wonder why we're
trying to forgive someone anyway; later, we might think we've forgiven them, only
to experience a sudden burst of anger. Indeed, it takes many years for us to grasp
the meaning of forgiveness as we grow up.
It's understandable that children may feel hurt
or angry when a friend does something less-than-kind to them. Maybe the friend said
something unkind or broke something precious, embarrassed them, excluded them, or
told their secrets. Children may be tempted to get even with a friend who's done
them wrong, by doing something worse or telling everyone how terrible the friend
is, but trying to get revenge only escalates (升级) the conflict.
Parents can play an important role in teaching
children about forgiveness. Children watch how important adults in their lives respond
when someone does something unkind. Do they complain to others or speak directly
to the person involved How long does it take them to get over being mad or hurt
How do they get over it Parents
can teach their children about the value of forgiveness by regularly practicing
it in their own lives.
Sometimes parents can talk with their children
about forgiveness, based on where kids are in their cognitive (认知的) and emotional
development. For example, children need to understand that no one is perfect, so
generously forgiving a well-meaning friend is a caring thing to do. If parents can
help children see things a little more from other people's perspective, this will
make forgiveness easier. These conversations can change the way children think about
forgiveness and help them emotionally recover when they inevitably experience harm
and unfair treatment from others in life.
【答案】 Forgiveness is complicated and children's understanding of forgiving develops as they grow older. Children may feel angry and want to revenge when they feel hurt or wronged. Parents need to be good role models themselves and have age-appropriate discussions with children to help them see things from other people's perspective and better understand forgiveness.
【知识点】文字式说明文
【解析】【分析】本题是一篇概要写作。写作步骤：1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨，讲述了在孩子眼里，“原谅”这一过程的特征，以及作为父母应如何教导孩子学会原谅。2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【点评】本篇作文要点齐全，结构完整，条理清晰，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，熟练地使用了语句间的连接成分，使整个文章结构紧凑，很好地完成了写作任务。例如：Forgiveness is complicated and children's understanding of forgiving develops as they grow older. 运用了时间状语从句；Children may feel angry and want to revenge when they feel hurt or wronged. 运用了时间状语从句；Parents need to be good role models themselves and have age-appropriate discussions with children to help them see things from other people's perspective and better understand forgiveness.运用了宾语从句和不定式作目的状语。
2．（2020·黄浦模拟）
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)
of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Does
your memory fail as you age
I'm 62 years old. Like many of my friends, I
forget names that I used to be able to recall effortlessly. When packing my suitcase
for a trip. I walk to the bedroom and by the time I get there, I don't remember
what I came for. And yet my long-term memories are perfect. I remember the names
of my third-grade classmates, the first record album I bought my wedding day.
This is widely understood to be a classic problem
of aging. But the problem is not necessarily age-related I've been teaching undergraduates
for my entire career and I can prove that even 20-year-olds make short-term memory
errors- loads of them. They walk into the wrong classroom; they show up to exams
without the required No. 2 pencil; they forget something I just said two minutes
before. These are similar to the kinds of things 70-year-olds do.
The relevant difference is not age but rather
how we describe these events, the stories we tell ourselves about them. Twenty-year-olds
don't think, "Oh dear, this must be early-onset Alzheimer (早老性痴呆症) ." They think," I really need to get more than four hours
of sleep." The 70-year-olds observe these same events and worry about their
brain health. This is to say that every error of short-term memory doesn't necessarily
indicate a biological disorder.
So how do we account for our subjective experience
that older adults seem to search for words and names with difficulty First, there
is a generalized cognitive(认知的) slowing with
age-but given a little more time, older adults perform just fine. Second, older
adults have to search through more memories than younger adults to find the fact
or piece of information they're looking for. Your brain becomes crowded with memories
and information. It's not that you can't remember-you can -it's just that there
is so much more information to sort through.
【答案】 The author thinks that short-term memory failure, which both old and young suffer from, isn't necessarily age-related, though different age groups find different reasons for it. The old seem to have a poorer short-term memory because of natural cognitive slowing and too much information to search for.
【知识点】文字式说明文
【解析】【分析】本题是一篇概要写作。写作步骤：1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章说明了老年人和年轻人都会患有短期记忆障碍，这种病不一定与年龄有关。2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【点评】本书面表达要点齐全，上下文连贯，使用一定数量的句式结构，让句子更加生动丰满，同时运用了许多高级词汇和固定短语，提高文章的档次，体现了对英语的熟练的驾驭能力。例如：The author thinks that short-term memory failure, which both old and young suffer from, isn't necessarily age-related, though different age groups find different reasons for it. 运用了宾语从句，非限制性定语从句和让步状语从句；The old seem to have a poorer short-term memory because of natural cognitive slowing and too much information to search for.运用了介词短语作原因状语。
3．（2020·上海模拟）Read the following
passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more
than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Fed up
with constantly having to recharge or replace batteries in your ever-expanding electronic
devices The solution may be just a few steps away. "Energy harvesting"
promises to power countless consumer devices, often with nothing more than your
body's movement or heat.
Among
the most basic forms of the technology is body power. When certain materials are
squeezed or stretched, the movement of their atoms creates an electrical charge.
Automatic watches have employed the concept for decades, for example, by winding
themselves when their user moves their arm. Now, the concept is being considered
for a number of other devices. In a contest seeking visionary ideas for wearable
technologies, Intel awarded $5,000 for a concept to change the temperature difference
between a person's body and a special piece of clothing they'd wear into electricity
for mobile devices. Using sound to power devices is another energy-harvesting variation.
Stanford University engineers are testing smart microchips that create electricity
from ultrasound to power implantable devices that can analyze a person's nervous
system or treat their diseases. A textile research association in Spain is proposing
to obtain electricity from radio waves that flow around everyone to power sensors
sewn into clothes, which can monitor a person's heartbeat or other vital signs.
Obtaining
stable energy from devices can be complex, however. For one thing, the motion that
generates the electricity has to be constant to be useful. Moreover, the amount
of power the devices produce depends on the person using them, according to a Columbia
University study. It determined that taller people on average provide about 20 percent
more power than shorter ones when walking, running or cycling. It's also unclear
how eagerly consumers might welcome energy-harvesting products.
【答案】 Energy Harvesting (EH) is introduced in the passage as a promising way to charge batteries in face of the upsurge of E-devices. Three forms of retrieving electricity mentioned involve body power, sound, and radio waves. However, the complexity of obtaining stable energy and consumers' preference for conventional battery-powered devices are the two obstacles facing EH.
【知识点】其他作文；文字式说明文
【解析】【分析】本题是一篇概要写作。写作步骤：1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。本文介绍了一种新的绿色环保能源--身体能源．随着科技产品的普及，这种新能源科技的市场将会急剧增加。
2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【点评】本篇作文要点齐全，结构完整，条理清晰，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，熟练地使用了语句间的连接成分，使整个文章结构紧凑，很好地完成了写作任务。例如：Energy Harvesting (EH) is introduced in the passage as a promising way to charge batteries in face of the upsurge of E-devices. 运用了被动语态；Three forms of retrieving electricity mentioned involve body power, sound, and radio waves. 运用了过去分词作定语；However, the complexity of obtaining stable energy and consumers' preference for conventional battery-powered devices are the two obstacles facing EH.运用了现在分词作定语。
4．（2020·浙江模拟）阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
Two years
ago, Li Yuhua's daughter taught her
how to shop online. Since then, the 51-year-old farmer in Wushan has been a
regular online shopper. Shoppers like Li Yuhua
are the new target for China's ecommerce giants, including Alibaba
Group, which operates the Taobao platform,
and . Rural China added 3 million more Internet users in the first half,
taking the total number to 225 million, or 26.3%, of the country's total Internet
population of 854 million, according to a report on rural ecommerce development
released last week by the China International Electronic Commerce Center. That
helped improve rural online sales in the first half of the year by 21% to 777.1
billion yuan (US$109.6 billion), outpacing the national growth rate by 3.2
percentage points.
"However, it is a little bit early to
say that China's ecommerce battlefield is moving to rural China," said
Chen Tao, a senior analyst at consultancy Analysys. Unlike urban residents,
most rural Chinese haven't experienced ecommerce shopping. While that provides
online platforms with one of the last undeveloped markets for ecommerce,
progress has been slow due to the lack of infrastructure (基础设施) and logistics (物流) support.
To address
that problem, China's second-largest ecommerce operator, hired more
deliverymen and tested drone (无人机) delivery
services to improve service in rural China. Alibaba Group, China's largest
ecommerce player, announced in April last year that it had invested US$717
million in Huitongda Network Co., which helps to boost sales in 15,000 towns
across 18 provinces.
Another inhibiting factor in the
development of rural ecommerce is the income gap. In 2018, annual per capita
disposable income (人均可支配收入) in
rural areas was 14,600 yuan (US$2,065) compared with 39,300 yuan (US$5,559) in
cities. "Lower disposable incomes in rural areas limit the consumption,"
said analyst Chen. "It also takes time to educate rural residents to
accept ecommerce services as most of them are new to online. There is still a
long way to go to popularize online shopping in rural China."
【答案】 China's ecommerce giants, JD and Alibaba, are competing for rural market, as the growing rural Internet population boosts online sales. However, lacking necessary infrastructure and logistic support, rural China market develops slowly. To handle that problem, relevant measures are taken respectively to promote service and sales. Still, there remains much to be done, considering the low income and the time needed to generalize online shopping in rural areas.
【知识点】文字式说明文
【解析】【分析】本题是一篇概要写作。文章主要讲述了中国的电商巨头京东和阿里巴巴竞争农村市场，以及过程中会遇到的问题。通读全文，我们可以从以下四点对文章进行概括：随着农村网络的普及促进网上销售，中国的电商巨头京东和阿里巴巴正在竞争农村市场；然而，由于缺乏必要的基础设施和物流支持，中国农村市场发展缓慢；针对这一问题，分别采取相应的措施来存进服务和销售；但，考虑到农村地区的低收入和推广网购的必要性，还有很多工作要做。
【点评】本书面表达要点齐全，上下文连贯，使用一定数量的句式结构，让句子更加生动丰满，同时运用了许多高级词汇和固定短语，提高文章的档次，体现了对英语的熟练的驾驭能力。例如：China's ecommerce giants, JD and Alibaba, are competing for rural market, as the growing rural Internet population boosts online sales. 运用了时间状语从句；However, lacking necessary infrastructure and logistic support, rural China market develops slowly. 运用了现在分词作状语；To handle that problem, relevant measures are taken respectively to promote service and sales.运用了不定式作目的状语和被动语态。
5．（2020·上海模拟）Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main
point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as
possible.
Rising global temperatures are increasing
exposure to heat stress, which harms human health, agriculture, the economy and
the environment. Most climate studies on projected heat stress have focused on
heat extremes but not considered the role of humidity, another key driver.
"When we look at the risks of a warmer
planet, we need to pay particular attention to combined extremes of heat and
humidity, which are especially dangerous to human health," said senior
author Robert E. Kopp.
"Every bit of global warming make shot,
humid days more frequent and intense. In New York City, for example, the
hottest, most humid day in a typical year already occurs about 11 times more
frequently than it would have in the 19th century," said lead author Dawei
Li.
Heat stress is caused by the body's inability
to cool down properly through sweating. Body temperature can rise rapidly, and
high temperatures may damage the brain and other vital organs. Heat stress
ranges from milder conditions like heat rash and heat cramps to heat
exhaustion, the most common type. Heat stroke, the most serious heat-related
illness, can kill or cause permanent disability without emergency treatment,
according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The study looked at how combined extremes of
heat and humidity increase on a warming Earth, using 40 climate simulations to
get statistics on rare events. The study focused on a measure of heat stress
that accounts for temperature, humidity and other environmental factors, including
wind speed, sun angle and solar and infrared radiation.
Annual exposure to extreme heat and humidity in
excess of safety guidelines is projected to affect areas currently home to
about 500 million people if the planet warms by 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7degrees
Fahrenheit) and nearly 800 million at 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees
Fahrenheit). The planet has already warmed by about 1.2 degrees (2.2 degrees
Fahrenheit) above late 19th century levels.
An estimated 1.2 billion people would be
affected with 3 degrees Celsius (5.4 degrees Fahrenheit) of warming, as
expected by the end of this century under current global policies.
【答案】 Heat stress from extreme heat and humidity will annually affect areas now home to 1.2 billion people by 2100, assuming current greenhouse gas emissions, according to a new study. That's more than four times the number of people affected today, and more than 12 times the number who would have been affected without industrial era global warming.
【知识点】其他作文；文字式说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇概要写作。写作步骤：1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章说明了 高温高湿造成的热应激每年影响的地区在逐年增加；2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点；3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分；4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【点评】本篇作文要点齐全，结构完整，条理清晰，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，熟练地使用了语句间的连接成分，使整个文章结构紧凑，很好地完成了写作任务。例如：Heat stress from extreme heat and humidity will annually affect areas now home to 1.2 billion people by 2100, assuming current greenhouse gas emissions, according to a new study. 运用了现在分词作状语；That's more than four times the number of people affected today, and more than 12 times the number who would have been affected without industrial era global warming.运用了倍数的表达法，并列句，限制性定语从句和虚拟语气。
6．（2020·金山模拟）Directions: Read the
following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage
in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Herbal Medicine
Herbal
medicine, which has been used for medicinal purposes, is the use of plants to
treat diseases. Many herbalists use the entire plant, from the flowers, stems,
leaves, and roots, in the form of everything from teas to pills. These plants
contain natural, chemical things that can treat the body for a variety of
diseases, such as allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, migraine, chronic
fatigue, and cancer, among others.
Nowadays
an increasing number of people prefer to adopt these plants to treat their
diseases because, compared with chemical medicine, herbal medicine has its own
advantages. Herbal medicine and remedies are more effective than chemical
medicine for certain diseases. The chemical medicine given by a chemist could
have certain negative side effects. However, many of the herbal medicine and
remedies to not have negative side effects. If any, they are softer than
chemical medicine. Obesity is the cause of many of the health problems. Herbal
medicine can help weight loss more effectively and improve overall health.
However,
the cure using herbal medicine and supplements would take some time, and
therefore people are supposed to possess enough patience. Worse still, herbal
medicine contains a variety of ingredients and people have to be sure that
their body agrees with the ingredients and that it is not allergic(过敏).
A
point worth mentioning here is that herbal remedies and medicine for certain
illnesses may have negative side effects. These side effects may not be shown
at once, but would take months or even years. In the early stages, if the
herbal medicine is not agreeing with you, it is wise to stop using it.
When
used correctly and directed by doctors, herbs can help treat a variety of
disease. But keep in mind that the herbal medicine industry is not regulated,
so herbal products are often misleading and may contain additives that are not
listed on the label. Some herbs may cause allergic reactions or interact with
other drugs, and some are poisonous if used improperly or at high doses. Taking
herbs on your own increases your risk.
【答案】 Herbal medicine, abstracted from entire plants in various forms, is a way to treat some disease. It has more advantages over chemical medicine owing to its better effectiveness and milder side effects. However, herbal medicine also has disadvantages like time-consuming recovery, possible recovery, possible allergy. Therefore, it is advisable for us to use herbs cautiously in case of potentially risky consequences.
【知识点】其他作文；文字式说明文
【解析】【分析】本题是一篇概要写作。写作步骤：1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。现在越来越多人喜欢采用草药来治疗疾病，基于该现象，作者通过这篇文章介绍了草药的优缺点。
2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。考生可以从以下四个方面对本文进行总结：草药，以各种形式从植物种提取，是一种治疗疾病的方法；和化学药物相比，它具有更好的疗效和更小的副作用；草药也有缺点，例如恢复耗时长、可能的恢复，以及过敏可能。因此，医生建议我们谨慎使用草药，以免出现潜在的危险后果。4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【点评】本篇作文要点齐全，结构完整，条理清晰，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，熟练地使用了语句间的连接成分，使整个文章结构紧凑，很好地完成了写作任务。例如：Herbal medicine, abstracted from entire plants in various forms, is a way to treat some disease. 运用了过去分词作定语；It has more advantages over chemical medicine owing to its better effectiveness and milder side effects. 运用了形容词比较级；Therefore, it is advisable for us to use herbs cautiously in case of potentially risky consequences.运用了it作形式主语。
7．（2020·宝山模拟）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Every culture has set rules about how people should act. Patterns of good behavior, or manners, show respect and care for others. Yet the details of how to express respect vary.
Greeting people cheerfully is almost always considered polite. But it's more important in some cultures than others. For example, when you enter a store in France, you should always greet the person working there. Other cultures also value greeting people. But of course the greetings vary as people speak different languages.
When I was growing up in the United States, I once participated in a performance at my church. Afterward, someone gave me a compliment, but I felt like I had done a bad job. So I tried to refuse the compliment, saying, "No, I didn't do that well." My mother got my attention and told me that was very rude. Later I learned that refusing a compliment is accepted and even approved of in China.
Some of the biggest cultural differences have to do with table manners. In North America, it's polite to eat as quietly as possible. That means chewing with your mouth closed and not slurping(吃东西时发出的声音)your soup. The same goes for burping(打嗝). But in parts of Asia slurping shows that you are enjoying your meal. And burping is a sign of being full and content.
There are also differences in how people eat across cultures. For example, in North America and Europe people use forks to bring food to their mouths. But in Thailand, a fork is only used to push food onto a spoon. In India and the Middle East, people eat with their hands. But eating with the left hand is forbidden. This is because the left hand is considered unclean.
Yet there are also similar points across cultures. Saying "please" and "thank you", for example, is almost always polite. If you show appreciation and try to follow local customs, people will generally respond well. Showing kindness can bring people together, no matter what culture they come from.
【答案】 It's about culture difference. Greeting cheerfully is polite anywhere Refusing compliments is rude in America but acceptable in China. Making a sound while eating is impolite in North America but not in parts of Asia. For example, people eat differently with people in some areas preferring folks while some with hands. Anyway, similarities still exist like saying "please" and "thank you".
【知识点】其他作文；文字式说明文
【解析】【分析】本题是是一篇概要写作。写作步骤：1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章从三个方面介绍了不同文化礼仪的区别和相似；2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点；3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节；（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容；（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬；（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好；（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【点评】本篇作文要点齐全，结构完整，条理清晰，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，熟练地使用了语句间的连接成分，使整个文章结构紧凑，很好地完成了写作任务。例如：Refusing compliments is rude in America but acceptable in China.运用了动名词作主语； Making a sound while eating is impolite in North America but not in parts of Asia.运用了省略； For example, people eat differently with people in some areas preferring folks while some with hands.运用了对比。
8．（2020·浦东新模拟）Directions: Read the following
passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no
more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Britain's Buses are Getting Emptier
In Britain, buses account for more public - transport trips than trains,
tubes and trams put together. People love them, in theory: one poll by
Transport Focus, a consumer group, found that 74% of young people think they
are a good way of getting around and 85% believe it is important for a place to
have a good bus service. There is just one problem. In practice, Britions are
taking buses less and less.
Why are London buses emptier One thing that has changed is young people's
behavior. The young are heavy bus users when they travel. But, increasingly,
they do not travel. According to Transport for London, the average 17 - to
24-year-old took 2.3 transport trips per day in the year 2011- 12 but only 1.7
in 2018 - 19. The National Travel Survey confirms that no group has cut back
harder on travel since the early 2000s than teenagers. Young people are more diligent
these days, and stay in school for longer. They can do the things that young
people love to do on their phones, without going out.
The other big bus users are the poor and the old, especially outside
London, but both are turning away from buses to cars. Lower lending standards
have made cars easier to acquire; a fuel-tax freeze and fuel - saving engines
make them cheaper to run. Cars are ever more comfortable and easier to operate,
with parking-assist technology and lane-drifting alerts to help starters.
Outside London, the average free bus pass was used 90 times in the year 2010-11
but only 74 times in 2018-19, according to the Department for Transport.
Finally there is the gig economy (零工经济). Online shopping and Uber probably
substitute of bus trips as well as private car journeys. And they put new
vehicles on the roads, which slows everything down. The number of light-goods
vehicles in London has risen by 28% since 2012. Tony Travers of the London
School of Economics points out that bus speeds have fallen slightly in the
capital, even though private cars have almost been cleared up from the city
center. The average London bus now travels at 9.3 miles per hour. Just as
people become less inclined to run after buses, they are becoming easier to
catch.
【答案】暂未更新
【知识点】其他作文；文字式说明文
【解析】【分析】本题是一篇概要写作。1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。说明了英国的公交车越来越空了，并分析了这一现象的原因。2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
【点评】本题对于考生的综合能力要求较高，要求考生有很强的谋篇布局的能力和组织要点的能力。需要注意紧扣文章主题。写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。
9．（2019·虹口模拟）Directions: Read the following passage.
Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60
words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Coco-Cola's Innovative Solution to Plastic Pollution
Plastic pollution has become one of the most pressing problem of the 21st
Century with plastic waste almost everywhere. It is estimated that just in
2016, the world produced over 320 million tons of plastic, and this number is
set to double by 2034.
Plastic waste even makes its way into our oceans with 8 million pieces
of plastic pollution per day polluting our waters and destroying the habitat
for hundreds of species. It is now believed that there may be around 5.25
trillion pieces of plastic in the ocean weighing in total up to 269,000 tons.
It's been crystal clear for a long time that the situation is horrible
and something needs to be done, and fast. Luckily, Coca-Cola stepped up to the
challenge and came up with one innovative and rather effective solution. The
firm is replacing its plastic wrapping in Europe with a new paper board
technology.
This new tech is called the KeelClip
and it is a first for the non-alcohol ready-to-drink (NARTD) industry. Using
KeelClips, Coca-Cola aims to remove all plastic wrap from its can multipacks in
all European Union markets by the end of 2021. The firm is optimistic that the
move will save 2,000 tons of plastic and 3,000 tons of CO2 annually.
"Innovation is a key principle of our sustainable packaging work
and the application of this fully recyclable paperboard KeelClipTM, which is
composed of a top board that the cans clip into and central cardboard 'keel' --
similar to a ship's keel - that stabilizes the pack, is another example of how
we are delivering on our commitment to remove all unnecessary and hard to
recycle single-use plastic from our products. We hope this eco-friendly
initative is a conscious approach to dealing with plastic pollution," said
Joe Franses, Vice President, Sustainability at Coca-Cola European Partners.
【答案】Suggested answers:
With plastic wastes invading the ocean and threatening marine lives, plastic pollution is among the most serious problems on the earth. To deal with the situation. Coca-Cola thinks of a creaive solution called KeelClip, which substitutes paper board for plastic wrapping, thus saving lots of plastic and CO2 annually. The case shows innovation behind Coca-Cola's commitment to sustainable eco-friendly packaging. (60 words)
【知识点】文字式说明文
【解析】【分析】本题是一篇概要写作。本文三方面概括了文章要点。根据第一段中Plastic pollution has become one of the most pressing problem of the 21st Century with plastic waste almost everywhere.(塑料污染已经成为21世纪最紧迫的问题之一，塑料垃圾几乎无处不在)可知，With plastic wastes invading the ocean and threatening marine lives, plastic pollution is among the most serious problems on the earth.(随着塑料垃圾进入海洋，威胁着海洋生物，塑料污染是地球上最严重的问题之一)；根据第二段中Luckily, Coca-Cola stepped up to the challenge and came up with one innovative and rather effective solution.(幸运的是，可口可乐公司接受了这一挑战，并提出了一个创新且相当有效的解决方案)和第三段中The firm is optimistic that the move will save 2,000 tons of plastic and 3,000 tons of CO2 annually.(该公司乐观地认为，此举每年将节省2000吨塑料和3000吨二氧化碳)可知，To deal with the situation. Coca-Cola thinks of a creaive solution called KeelClip, which substitutes paper board for plastic wrapping, thus saving lots of plastic and CO2 annually.(来处理这种情况。可口可乐公司想出了一种名为KeelClip的creaive解决方案，用纸板代替塑料包装，从而每年节省大量的塑料和二氧化碳)；再根据最后一段中Innovation is a key principle of our sustainable packaging work and the application of this fully recyclable paperboard KeelClipTM,(创新是我们可持续包装工作的关键原则，这种可完全回收的纸板KeelClipTM的应用)可知，The case shows innovation behind Coca-Cola's commitment to sustainable eco-friendly packaging.(这个案例展示了可口可乐公司对可持续环保包装的承诺背后的创新)。
【点评】本篇作文要点齐全，结构完整，条理清晰，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，熟练地使用了语句间的连接成分，使整个文章结构紧凑，很好地完成了写作任务。例如：With plastic wastes invading the ocean and threatening marine lives, plastic pollution is among the most serious problems on the earth. 运用了with的复合结构；To deal with the situation. Coca-Cola thinks of a creaive solution called KeelClip, which substitutes paper board for plastic wrapping, thus saving lots of plastic and CO2 annually. 运用了不定式作目的状语和非限制性定语从句。
10．（2020·嘉定模拟）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea
and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own
words as far as possible.
Most of us — even those at
the top — struggle with public-speaking anxiety. When I ask my clients what
makes them nervous, invariably they respond with the same answers: "I don't
like being watched", "I don't like the eyes on me" or "I
don't like being in the spotlight".
To understand why, we need
to go way back to prehistoric times, when humans regarded eyes watching us as
an existential threat. Those eyes were likely predators (肉食动物) and people were terrified of being eaten alive. The bad news is
that our brains have transferred the ancient fear of being watched into public
speaking. In other words, public-speaking anxiety is in our DNA.
Fortunately, there is a
solution: human generosity. The key to disarming our panic button is to turn
the focus away from ourselves and toward helping the audience. Studies have
shown that an increase in generosity indeed leads to a decrease in amygdala (扁桃腺) activity, which is responsible for our panic feeling in the
brain. When we are kind to others, we overcome the sense of being under attack
and start to feel less nervous.
Admittedly, this is hard to
do. But it's absolutely possible to become a generous speaker. To begin with,
when you start preparing for a presentation, the mistake you often make is
starting with the topic. Instead, you should start with the audience. Identify
the audience's needs, and craft a message that speaks directly to those needs.
Also, you are the most nervous right before you speak. This is the moment when
your brain is telling you, "Everyone is judging me." But it is
exactly the moment when you should refocus your brain. Over time, your brain
will begin to get it, and you will become less nervous.
【答案】 Many people have public-speaking anxiety because they fear being watched. The reason dates back to prehistoric times when humans regarded eyes watching them as those of the predators that would eat them. To solve the problem, people should be generous to the audience/ focus on helping the audience. They should speak directly to the audience's needs and refocus their brain before speaking.
【知识点】其他作文；文字式说明文
【解析】【分析】本题要求写一篇概要，是一篇说明文写作。首先，阅读材料，了解文章的基本内容。本篇阅读材料的核心内容是: 许多人都有公开演讲的焦虑，因为有很多眼睛盯着演讲者。原因是人类把史前时期对被食肉动物注视的恐惧变成了公开演讲。为了解决这个问题，人们应该专注于帮助听众，直接针对听众的需求说话，在说话之前重新集中他们的注意力。本篇文章的写作思路就是围绕“演讲焦虑的原因和解决方法展开。考生写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系，也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。特别注意在选择句式时要赋予变化。同时应选用合适的连接词或过渡词，使文章具有一定的连贯性。
【点评】本篇作文要点齐全，结构完整，条理清晰，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，熟练地使用了语句间的连接成分，使整个文章结构紧凑，很好地完成了写作任务。例如：Many people have public-speaking anxiety because they fear being watched. 运用了原因状语从句；The reason dates back to prehistoric times when humans regarded eyes watching them as those of the predators that would eat them. 运用了限制性定语从句；To solve the problem, people should be generous to the audience/ focus on helping the audience. 运用了不定式作目的状语；They should speak directly to the audience's needs and refocus their brain before speaking.运用了并列句。