备考2023年高考英语二轮专题：阅读理解（自然与环保）考试试卷

备考2023年高考英语二轮专题：阅读理解（自然与环保）
一、阅读理解
（2023高三下·重庆开学考）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C 和 D）中，选出最佳选项。
Curtin University research has found a simple
and affordable method to determine which chemicals and types of metals are best
used to store and supply energy, in a breakthrough for any battery-run devices
and technologies relying on the fast and reliable supply of electricity, including
smart phones and tablets.
Lead author Associate Professor Simone Ciampi
from Curtin's School of Molecular and Life Sciences said this easy, low-cost
method of determining how to produce and keep the highest energy charge in a
capacitor (电容器) could be of great benefit to all scientists, engineers and
start-ups looking to solving the energy storage challenges of the future.
"All electronic devices require an energy
source. While a battery needs to be recharged over time, a capacitor can be
charged instantly because it stores energy by separating charged ions (离子), found
in ionic liquids, " Ciampi said.
There are thousands of types of ionic liquids,
a type of "liquid salt", and until now, it was difficult to know
which would be best suited for use in a capacitor. What our team has done is
designing a quick and easy test, able to be performed in a basic lab, which can
measure both the ability to store charge when a solid electrode touches a given
ionic liquid—a simple capacitor—as well as the stability of the device when
charged.
"The simplicity this test means anyone
can apply it without the need for expensive equipment. Using this method, researchers
found that charging the device for 60 seconds produced a full charge, which did
not ‘leak' (渗漏) and begin to diminish for at least four days, " Mr Belotti
said.
The next step is to use this new screening
method to find ionic liquid with an even longer duration in the charged state
and larger energy density.
1．What can the new method be used to do in the future
A．Help to choose smart phones.
B．Find materials used as energy.
C．Research energy sources of the future.
D．Settle the problem of storing energy.
2．What was the challenge in making a capacitor
A．Choosing the best ionic liquid. B．Figuring out the storing ability.
C．Devising a quick and easy test. D．Recharging a battery instantly.
3．What does the underlined word "diminish" in paragraph 5 probably mean
A．Charge. B．Develop. C．Decrease. D．Expand.
4．What would be a suitable title for the text
A．The Importance of Selecting Ionic Liquid
B．A Good Method to Seek Perfect Ionic Liquid
C．Types of Ionic Liquids for Use in a Capacitor
D．A Simple and Affordable Battery
【答案】1．D
2．A
3．C
4．B
【知识点】主旨大意题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，科廷大学(Curtin University)的一项研究发现了一种简单而经济的方法，可以确定哪种化学物质和金属类型最适合用于储存和供应能源。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
1．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"Curtin University research has found a simple and affordable method to determine which chemicals and types of metals are best used to store and supply energy.”科廷大学的一项研究发现了一种简单而经济的方法，可以确定哪种化学物质和金属类型最适合储存和供应能源 。可知，这种新方法可以解决能源储存问题。故选D。
2．考查细节理解。根据第四段中的"There are thousands of types of ionic liquids, a type of ‘liquid salt’, and until now, it was difficult to know which would be best suited for use in a capacitor.”离子液体有数千种，也就是"液体盐"的一种，直到现在，人们还很难知道哪种离子液体最适合用于电容器、可知，制造电容器的挑战是选择最好的离子液体。故选A。
3．考查词义猜测。根据第五段中的"researchers found that charging the device for 60 seconds produced a full charge, which did not ‘leak' ”研究人员发现，给手机充电60秒就能充满电，而且不会漏电；以及"for at least four days"可知，充满电以后电量至少持续四天才开始减少。可推知 diminish 是“减少”之意，故选C。
4．考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的"Curtin University research has found a simple and affordable method to determine which chemicals and types of metals are best used to store and supply energy”科廷大学的一项研究发现了一种简单而经济的方法，可以确定哪种化学物质和金属类型最适合储存和供应能源；第二段中的"Lead author Associate Professor Simone Ciampi from Curtin's School of Molecular and Life Sciences said this easy, low-cost method of determining how to produce and keep the highest energy charge in a capacitor (电容器). ”该报告的主要作者、柯廷分子和生命科学学院的副教授Simone Ciampi说，这种简单、低成本的方法可以确定如何在电容器中产生并保持最高能量电荷；以及最后一段"The next step is to use this new screening method to find ionic liquid with an even longer duration in the charged state and larger energy density.”下一步是利用这种新的筛选方法来寻找带电状态持续时间更长、能量密度更大的离子液体。可知，全文是围绕寻找一种简单经济的方法来展开文章内容的，所以用"一种好的方法，寻求完美的离子液体电容器"来作为文章标题是比较合适的。故选B。
（2023高二下·达坂城开学考）阅读短文，回答问题
When a chunk of ice
fell from a collapsing glacier(冰川)on the
Swiss Alps' Mount Eiger in 2017, part of the long deep sound it produced was
too low for human ears to detect. But these vibrations held a key to
calculating the ice avalanche's(崩塌)critical
characteristics.
Low-frequency sound
waves called infrasound that travel great distances through the atmosphere are
already used to monitor active volcanoes from afar. Now some researchers in
this field have switched focus from fire to ice: dangerous blocks snapping off
glaciers. Previous work has analyzed infrasound from snow avalanches but never
ice, says Boise State University geophysicist Jeffrey Johnson. "This was
different," Johnson says. "A signature of a new material has been
detected with infrasound."
Usually glaciers move
far too slowly to generate an infrasound signal, which researchers pick up
using detectors that track slight changes in air pressure. But a collapse—a
sudden, rapid breaking of ice from the glacier's main body—is a prolific
infrasound producer. Glacial collapses drive ice avalanches, which pose an
increasing threat to people in mountainous regions as rising temperatures
weaken large fields of ice. A glacier "can become detached from the ground
due to melting, causing bigger break— offs," says University of Florence
geologist Emanuele Marchetti, lead author of the new study. As the threat
grows, scientists seek new ways to monitor and detect such collapses.
Researchers often use
radar to track ice avalanches, which is precise but expensive and can monitor
only one specific location and neighboring avalanche paths. Infrasound,
Marchetti says, is cheaper and can detect break—off events around a much
broader area as well as multiple avalanches across a mountain. It is
challenging, however, to separate a signal into its components (such as traffic
noises, individual avalanches and nearby earthquakes) without additional
measurements, says ETH Zurich glaciologist Malgorzata Chmiel. "The model
used by Marchetti is a first approximation for this," she says.
Isolating the relevant signal helps the researchers monitor an ice avalanche's
speed, path and volume from afar using infrasound.
Marchetti and his
colleagues are now working to improve their detectors to pick up more signals
across at-risk regions in Europe, and they have set up collaborations around
the continent to better understand signals that collapsing glaciers produce.
They are also refining their mathematical analysis to figure out each ice
cascade's physical details.
5．What can we learn from Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3
A．Infrasound has a major role to play in discovering new materials.
B．Ice avalanches are a bigger threat to people than volcanic eruptions.
C．Researchers are trying to use infrasound in detecting ice avalanches.
D．Scientists employ infrasound more in mountain areas than in other places.
6．Which is an advantage of infrasound over radar
A．The combination with other relevant signals.
B．The accuracy in locating a certain avalanche.
C．The ability in picking up signals in wider areas.
D．The sensitivity in tracking air pressure changes.
7．The underlined word "this" in Paragraph 4 refers to________.
A．distinguishing different components of a signal
B．detecting multiple avalanches at the same time
C．calculating the speed and path of ice avalanches
D．monitoring the specific location of ice break—offs
8．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A．From Fire to Ice B．Glacier Whispers
C．Nature is Warning D．Secret of Ice Avalanches
【答案】5．C
6．C
7．A
8．B
【知识点】主旨大意题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了冰崩会发出大量的次声波，研究人员正在尝试用次声探测技术来检测和探测冰崩。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，代词指代和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
5．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Previous work has analyzed infrasound from snow avalanches but never ice, says Boise State University geophysicist Jeffrey Johnson. ”博伊西州立大学的地球物理学家Jeffrey Johnson说，之前的工作分析过雪崩的次声，但从未分析过冰的次声；以及第三段中的“But a collapse—a sudden, rapid breaking of ice from the glacier's main body—is a prolific infrasound producer.”但是冰川的崩塌——冰川主体的冰突然迅速断裂——是大量次声的产生者；和“As the threat grows, scientists seek new ways to monitor and detect such collapses.”随着威胁的增加，科学家们寻求新的方法来监测和探测这种崩塌。可知，从第二和第三段我们知道研究人员正试图利用次声探测冰崩。故选C。
6．考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“Researchers often use radar to track ice avalanches, which is precise but expensive and can monitor only one specific location and neighboring avalanche paths. Infrasound, Marchetti says, is cheaper and can detect break—off events around a much broader area as well as multiple avalanches across a mountain.”研究人员经常使用雷达来跟踪冰雪崩，这种方法精确但昂贵，而且只能监测一个特定的位置和邻近的雪崩路径。马尔凯蒂说，次声探测技术成本更低，可以探测到更广阔的区域附近的断裂事件，以及山脉上的多次雪崩。可知，和雷达相比次声探测的优势是能接收更大范围内的信号。故选C。
7．考查代词指代。根据第四段中的“It is challenging, however, to separate a signal into its components (such as traffic noises, individual avalanches and nearby earthquakes) without additional measurements, says ETH Zurich glaciologist Malgorzata Chmiel. ”然而，苏黎世联邦理工学院的冰川学家Malgorzata Chmiel说，在没有额外测量的情况下，将一个信号分解成它的组成部分(如交通噪音、单独的雪崩和附近的地震)是一项挑战。可推知，this指代“区分信号的成分”，即马尔凯蒂使用的模型是区分信号成分的初步近似（该模型能区分出信号的不同成分）。故选A。
8．考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“But these vibrations held a key to calculating the ice avalanche's(崩塌)critical characteristics.”但这些振动是计算冰崩临界特性的关键；以及第三段中的“But a collapse—a sudden, rapid breaking of ice from the glacier's main body—is a prolific infrasound producer.”但是冰川的崩塌——冰川主体的冰突然迅速断裂——是大量次声的产生者；和“As the threat grows, scientists seek new ways to monitor and detect such collapses.”随着威胁的增加，科学家们寻求新的方法来监测和探测这种崩塌。可知，冰崩会发出大量的次声波，研究人员正在尝试用次声探测技术来检测和探测冰崩。“冰川低语”可以作为本文标题，吸引读者。故选B。
（2023高三下·肥东开学考）阅读理解
Hoping to live on the moon one day
Your chances just got a tiny bit better. Researchers found that lunar pits and
caves reach stable temperatures, making them potentially suitable for human
life.
Planetary
scientists at the University of California, Los Angeles have been doing the
research. Although much of the moon's surface temperatures ranges from as high
as 260 degrees during the day to as low as 280 degrees below zero at night, the
moon has pits and caves where temperatures stay at roughly 63 degrees
Fahrenheit, making human habitation a possibility, according to their new
research.
For perspective, a
day or night on the moon equals a little over two weeks on the earth—making long-term
research and habitation difficult with such extremely hot and cold
temperatures. Researchers say these stable spots could transform the future of
lunar exploration and long-term habitation. The shadowed areas of these pits
could also offer protection from harmful elements, such as solar radiation,
universal rays and micrometeorites (微小陨石).
About 16 of the
over 200 discovered pits most likely come from collapsed lava tubes—tunnels that form
from cooled lava or crust, according to Tyler Horvath, a UCLA doctoral student
and head of the research. The researchers think overhangs inside of these lunar
pits, which were initially discovered in 2009, could be the reason for the
stable temperature.
The research team
also includes UCLA professor of planetary science David Paige and Paul Hayne at
the University of Colorado Boulder. "Humans evolved living in
caves, and to caves we might return when we live on the moon," said Paige
in a UCLA press release.
There are still
plenty of other challenges to establishing any sort of long-term human
residence on the moon—including growing
food and providing enough oxygen. The researchers made clear that NASA has no
immediate plans to establish a base camp or habitations there.
9．What did the researchers find
A．Humans like the life on the moon.
B．People lived in lunar pits and caves.
C．Steady temperature exists somewhere on the moon.
D．Temperatures in caves and pits vary a lot on the moon.
10．What do the shadowed areas act as protection against
A．Solar heat. B．Harmful liquids.
C．Universal gases. D．Micrometeorites.
11．What does the underlined word "evolved" probably mean in paragraph 5
A．Appeared. B．Developed. C．Hunted. D．Escaped.
12．Why does NASA not establish any habitation there at present
A．It has no such plans. B．Food there tastes bad.
C．Many challenges exist. D．There is no oxygen.
【答案】9．C
10．D
11．B
12．C
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了研究人员发现，月球上的坑洞温度稳定，可能适合人类生活，但是目前还有很多挑战，如种植食物和提供足够的氧气。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
9．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Researchers found that lunar pits and caves reach stable temperatures, making them potentially suitable for human life.”研究人员发现，月球上的坑洞温度稳定，可能适合人类生活。可知，研究人员发现，月球上的坑洞温度稳定。故选C。
10．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“The shadowed areas of these pits could also offer protection from harmful elements, such as solar radiation, universal rays and micrometeorites (微小陨石).”这些坑的阴影区域也可以保护免受有害元素的伤害，如太阳辐射、宇宙射线和微小陨石。可知，月球上的坑洞的阴影区域可以保护免受太阳辐射、宇宙射线和微小陨石的伤害。故选D。
11．考查词义猜测。根据第五段中的“‘Humans evolved living in caves, and to caves we might return when we live on the moon,’ said Paige in a UCLA press release. ”Paige在加州大学洛杉矶分校的一份新闻稿中说：“人类在洞穴中进化，当我们生活在月球上时，我们可能会回到洞穴。”可知，本句前后为对照关系，尤其是“evolve”和“return”为对照关系，所以根据后半句“当我们生活在月球上时，我们可能会回到洞穴”可知，前半句应为人类在洞穴中进化和演变。故选B。
12．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“There are still plenty of other challenges to establishing any sort of long-term human residence on the moon—including growing food and providing enough oxygen.”要在月球上建立任何形式的长期人类居住地，还有很多其他的挑战——包括种植食物和提供足够的氧气。可知，NASA目前没有在那里建立任何基地的原因是还有很多挑战。故选C。
（2023高二下·定远开学考）阅读理解
A new study combining linguistic,
genetic and archaeological evidence has traced the origins of the family of
languages including modern Japanese, Korean, Turkish and Mongolian and the
people who speak them to millet (粟) farmers who
inhabited a region in northeastern China about 9, 000 years ago.
The findings
detailed on Wednesday document a shared genetic ancestry for the hundreds of
millions of people who speak what the researchers call Transeurasian languages
across an area stretching more than 8, 000 kilometers.
The findings
illustrate how humankind's embrace of agriculture following the Ice Age powered
the movements of some of the world's major language families. Millet was an
important early crop as hunter-gatherers transitioned to an agricultural lifestyle.
There are 98
Transeurasian languages. This language family's beginnings were traced to
millet farmers in the Liao River valley, an area including parts of the Chinese
provinces of Liaoning and Jilin and the region of Inner Mongolia. As these farmers
moved across northeastern Asia, the descendant languages spread north and west
into Siberia and east into Korea and over the sea to Japan over thousands of
years.
The research
stressed the complex beginnings for modern populations and cultures.
"Accepting
that the roots of one's language, culture or people lie beyond the present
national boundaries is a kind of surrender of identity, which some people are
not yet prepared to make," said comparative linguist Martine Robbeets,
lead author of the study published in the journal Nature.
"Powerful
nations such as Japan, Korea and China are often pictured as representing one
language, one culture and one genetic profile. But a truth is that all
languages, cultures and humans, including those in Asia, are mixed,"
Robbeets added.
The origins of
modem Chinese languages arose independently, though in a similar fashion, with
millet also involved. While the ancestors of the Transeurasian languages grew
millet in the Liao River valley, the originators of the Sino-Tibetan language
family farmed millet at roughly the same time in China's Yellow River region,
paving the way for a separate language expansion.
13．What is the new study mainly about
A．The migration routes of millet farmers.
B．The ancient origins of a large language family.
C．The different ancestries of Transeurasian speakers.
D．The shared features of some neighboring languages.
14．What fueled the spread of Transeurasian languages
A．The transition of power. B．The diversity of lifestyles.
C．The interaction of cultures. D．The adoption of farming.
15．According to Robbeets, who may feel uncomfortable about the new findings
A．Those from agricultural countries.
B．Those who deny their cultural identity.
C．Those with a strong sense of nationalism.
D．Those who are afraid to cross boundaries.
16．What is the main function of the last paragraph
A．To draw a conclusion. B．To present likely consequences.
C．To highlight the theme. D．To offer additional information.
【答案】13．B
14．D
15．C
16．D
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了发表在《自然》期刊上的一项最新研究发现，包括日语，韩语，土耳其语和蒙古语在内的泛欧亚语系起源于9000年前的中国东北。农业的发展推动了语言的传播。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
13．考查主旨大意。根据第一段“A new study combining linguistic, genetic and archaeological evidence has traced the origins of the family of languages including modern Japanese, Korean, Turkish and Mongolian and the people who speak them to millet (粟) farmers who inhabited a region in northeastern China about 9,000 years ago”一项结合语言学、遗传学和考古学证据的新研究追溯了现代日语、韩语、土耳其语和蒙古语等语言家族的起源，以及与居住在中国东北地区约 9000 年前的黍农民说这些语言的人。可知，第一段主要讲了一支大语族的古代起源。故选B。
14．考查细节理解。根据第三段指代“The findings illustrate how humankind's embrace of agriculture following the Ice Age powered the movements of some of the world's major language families.”研究结果说明了人类在冰河时代之后对农业的接受如何推动了世界上一些主要语系的运动。可知，是农业推动了世界主要语系的发展。故选D。
15．考查推理判断。根据第六段指代“Accepting that the roots of one's language, culture or people lie beyond the present national boundaries is a kind of surrender of identity, which some people are not yet prepared to make,”接受一个人的语言、文化或民族的根源超出目前的国界是一种身份的放弃，有些人还没有准备好。可知，他认为承认自己的语言，文化或祖先来自境外，是一种身份的屈服，有些人接受不了。在四个选项中强烈的民族主义者比较符合这个群体画像。故选C。
16．考查推理判断。根据最后一段指代“The origins of modem Chinese languages arose independently, though in a similar fashion,”现代汉语的起源以类似的方式独立出现。可知，最后一段主要讲了现代汉语的起源，从最后一段可知汉藏语系和泛欧亚语系是独立的。而前文主要探讨的是泛欧亚语系，所以这里是补充额外信息。故选D。
（2023高二下·定远开学考）阅读理解
A "secretive" new species of
frog has been discovered on the forest floor in India's Western Ghat mountain
range. Named the starry dwarf frog after the markings on its dark brown back, it is just 2
centimeters long.
The frog, whose closest
relatives are a group of species native to India and Sri Linka, is the only member
of an ancient lineage (血统) dating back to
millions of years ago, according to
researchers from India and the US. It is unclear whether the species is
descended from African or Asian frogs.
A group of Indian
and US researchers first came across the local species hidden in leaf-litter as
part of a wider project to look for new frogs, lizards and snakes
in the richly biodiverse region and stored it in a jar for later study. Genetic
testing and a closer look at its shape, colouring and
other features has shown that it doesn't match any existing species.
Kartik Shanker of
the Indian Institute of Science, who helped design
the study, says while it is
common to find new frogs in India, this one needs to
be noticed. "This particular species not just is a new species, but also belongs
to a new genus (属), and that makes it
a little more special, " says
Shanker.
The number of
known species of frog identified in India has climbed from around 200 to above
400 over the past two decades. While many species new to science are frequently
immediately sorted as endangered, it is too early to
say whether the starry dwarf frog is threatened. "They are very secretive," says
Shanker, adding that the
team didn't know the size of its population. The frog is active at night and
lives near water.
Habitat loss is a
serious risk to frogs in tropical forests around the world, alongside threats
such as a deadly fungus (真菌) that has been
killing off amphibians (两栖动物) for the past four
decades. But the new species was found in a reserved forest, meaning it will
enjoy a degree of protection by Indian government agencies.
17．What can we learn from paragraph 3
A．The species was discovered by tourists.
B．The species was found in a rich region.
C．The species was finally set free.
D．The species was further studied.
18．What can we say about the new frog
A．It is in small quantities.
B．It is an endangered species.
C．It is well worth attention.
D．It is related to African or Asian frogs.
19．What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A．Habitat loss is the chief threat to frogs.
B．The new species may face less dangers.
C．Tropical forests in India are all under protection.
D．The Indian government determines to save frogs.
20．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．A rare frog species protected in India
B．A rise in species of frog seen in India
C．A secretive frog species discovered in India
D．A risk of habitat loss for frogs removed in India
【答案】17．D
18．C
19．B
20．C
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一种在印度发现的新青蛙品种。通过研究它的种种特征表明，它不同于现有的青蛙种类，而是一种新的特别的属类，并且目前尚不明确它是否属于濒危物种。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
17．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“A group of Indian and US researchers first came across the local species hidden in leaf-litter as part of a wider project to look for new frogs, lizards and snakes in the richly biodiverse region and stored it in a jar for later study.”一组印度和美国的研究人员首次发现了隐藏在落叶中的本地物种，这是一个更广泛的项目的一部分，该项目旨在在这个生物多样性丰富的地区寻找新的青蛙、蜥蜴和蛇，并将其储存在一个罐子中供以后研究；以及“Genetic testing and a closer look at its shape, colouring and other features has shown that it doesn’t match any existing species.”基因测试和对它的形状、颜色和其他特征的仔细观察表明，它与现有的任何物种都不匹配。可知，新发现的青蛙被装在罐子里进行了基因测试、颜色、形状及等其他特征的进一步研究。故选D。
18．考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“While many species new to science are frequently immediately sorted as endangered, it is too early to say whether the starry dwarf frog is threatened.” 虽然许多科学上的新物种经常立即被归类为濒危物种，但现在说星矮蛙是否受到威胁还为时过早；以及“‘They are very secretive,’ says Shanker, adding that the team didn't know the size of its population. ”“它们非常神秘”，Shanker说，并补充说研究团队不知道它们的数量。可知，新物种常备归类为濒危物种，而且这种新青蛙的数量是未知的，所以他们值得特别的关注。故选C。
19．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“But the new species was found in a reserved forest, meaning it will enjoy a degree of protection by Indian government agencies.” 但这个新物种是在一片保护区发现的，这意味着它将受到印度政府机构的一定程度的保护。可知，这种新青蛙物种正在受政府保护，因此它面临的危险可能更小。故选B。
20．考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“A ‘secretive’ new species of frog has been discovered on the forest floor in India's Western Ghat mountain range.”在印度西高特山脉的森林地面上发现了一种“神秘的”青蛙新品种。可知整篇文章介绍一种新被发现的青蛙品种。“在印度发现的一种神秘的青蛙”作为标题可以概括全文主旨。故选C。
（2023高三下·镇江开学考）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Every
fall, like clockwork, Linda Krentz of Beaverton, Oregon, felt her brain go on
strike. "I just couldn't get going in the morning," she says.
"I'd get depressed and gain 10 pounds every winter and lose them again in
the spring." Then she read about seasonal affective disorder, a form of
depression that occurs in fall and winter, and she saw the light
literally. Every morning now she turns on a specially constructed light box for
half an hour and sits in front of it to trick her brain into thinking it's
still enjoying those long summer days. It seems to work.
Krentz
is not alone. Scientists estimate that 10 million Americans suffer from
seasonal depression and 25 million more develop milder versions. But
there's never been definitive proof that treatment with very bright lights
makes a difference. After all, it's hard to do a double-blind test when the
subjects can see for themselves whether or not the light is on. That's why
nobody has ever separated the real effects of light therapy from placebo (安慰剂) effects.
Until
now, in three separate studies published last month, researchers report not
only that light therapy works better than a placebo but that treatment is
usually more effective in the early morning than in the evening. In two of
the groups, the placebo problem was resolved by telling patients they were
comparing light boxes to a new anti-depressant device that gives off negatively
charged ions (离子). The third used the timing of light therapy as the control.
Why
does light therapy work No one really knows. "Our research suggests it has
something to do with shifting the body's internal clock," says
psychiatrist Dr. Lewey. The body is programmed to start the day with sunrise,
he explains, and this gets later as the days get shorter. But why such subtle
shifts make some people depressed and not others is a mystery.
That
hasn't stopped thousands of winter depressives from trying to heal themselves.
Light boxes for that purpose are available without a doctor's prescription.
That bothers psychologist Michael Terman of Columbia University. He is worried
that the boxes may be tried by patients who suffer from mental illness that
can't be treated with light. Terman has developed a questionnaire to help
determine whether expert care is needed.
In
any event, you should choose a reputable manufacturer. Whatever product you use
should give off only visible light, because ultraviolet light damages the eyes.
If you are photosensitive (对光敏感的), you may develop a rash. Otherwise, the main drawback is having to
sit in front of the light for 30 to 60 minutes in the morning. That's an
inconvenience many winter depressives can live with.
21．What is the probable cause of Krentz's problem
A．An unexpected gain in body weight.
B．Unexplained impairment of her nervous system.
C．Weakening of her eyesight with the setting in of winter.
D．Poor adjustment of her body clock to seasonal changes.
22．What is the CURRENT view concerning the treatment of seasonal depression with bright lights
A．There is definitive proof of its effect.
B．It serves as a kind of placebo.
C．It is considered as a relatively effective therapy.
D．It hardly produces any effects.
23．What is psychologist Michael Terman's major concern
A．Winter depressives will be addicted to using light boxes.
B．No mental patients would bother to consult psychiatrists.
C．Inferior light boxes will give off harmful ultraviolet lights.
D．Light therapy could be misused by certain mental patients.
24．Which of the following statements is TRUE
A．Winter depressives prefer light therapy in spite of its inconvenience.
B．Light therapy increases the patient's photosensitivity.
C．Eye damage is a side effect of light therapy.
D．Light boxes can be programmed to correspond to shifts in the body clock.
【答案】21．D
22．C
23．D
24．A
【知识点】细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了由于季节变换所带来的人的情绪上的变化，特别是一些消极的变化，并给出积极的应对措施。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
21．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Every fall, like clockwork, Linda Krentz of Beaverton, Oregon, felt her brain go on strike. ‘I just couldn't get going in the morning,’ she says. ‘I'd get depressed and gain 10 pounds every winter and lose them again in the spring.’ Then she read about seasonal affective disorder, a form of depression that occurs in fall and winter, and she saw the light literally. ”每年秋天，像时钟一样，俄勒冈州比弗顿的Linda Krentz都会感到自己的大脑在罢工。“我早上根本没法去上班。” 她说：“我很沮丧，每年冬天体重都会增加10磅，到了春天又会瘦下来。”后来她读到有关季节性情绪障碍的文章，这是一种发生在秋冬季节的抑郁症，她真正看到了光明。可知Linda Krentz秋季时会产生季节性情绪障碍，即：她的生物钟无法很好地根据季节的变化而进行调整。故选D。
22．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Until now, in three separate studies published last month, researchers report not only that light therapy works better than a placebo but that treatment is usually more effective in the early morning than in the evening.”到目前为止，在上个月发表的三项独立的研究中，研究人员报告说，光疗法不仅比安慰剂效果更好，而且治疗通常在清晨比晚上更有效。可知，治疗季节性抑郁症，光疗法比安慰剂要好，目前被认为是相对更有效的疗法。故选C。
23．考查细节理解。根据第五段中的“Light boxes for that purpose are available without a doctor's prescription. That bothers psychologist Michael Terman of Columbia University. He is worried that the boxes may be tried by patients who suffer from mental illness that can't be treated with light.”这种灯箱不需要医生的处方就可以买到。这让哥伦比亚大学的心理学家Michael Terman感到困扰。他担心这些盒子可能会被那些无法用光治疗的精神疾病患者使用。可知，Michael Terman担心光线疗法可能被某些精神病人误用。故选D。
24．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“Otherwise, the main drawback is having to sit in front of the light for 30 to 60 minutes in the morning. That's an inconvenience many winter depressives can live with.”除此以外，主要的缺点是早上不得不坐在灯前30到60分钟。这是许多冬季抑郁症患者可以忍受的不便。可知，光疗法的主要缺点是早上不得不坐在灯前30到60分钟，但是冬季抑郁症患者可以接受此不便之处，接受光疗。故选A。
（2023高二下·开学考）阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中, 选出最佳选项。
White
was one of the first colors used in art in the 15th century, and one would think
that there is little room left to improve its"whiteness". It turns out
that is far from the case. A team of researchers led by Xiulin Ruan, a professor
at Purdue University, recently revealed an"ultra-white"paint that they
believe could even help fight climate change.
The
scientists, who spent six years creating the world's "whites white"paint,
claim
that the white paints currently available make surfaces warmer rather than cooler.
That's because they only reflect 80 to 90 percent of the sunlight and cannot make
surfaces cooler than the surrounding temperature. The newly-revealed ultra-white
paint not only reflects 98. 1 percent of sunlight, but also prevents surface infrared（红外线的）heat from being absorbed.
"Our paint absorbs 1. 9% of sunlight, but those commercial paints absorb 10% of the sunlight --five times as much as our paint absorbs, "Dr. Ruan says. "They look white, they are pretty white, but they aren't white enough — they're not able to cool beyond the surrounding temperature. "
Outdoor
tests of the new paint indicated it could keep surfaces 5℃ cooler than the surrounding
temperature under the strong noon sunlight and as much as 10℃ cooler at night.
"We did a very rough calculation, "Dr. Ruan told a news reporter. "And we estimate we would only need to paint 1 percent of the Earth's surface with this paint-perhaps an area where no people live that is covered in rocks --and that could help fight the climate change trend. "
However,
Hashem Akbari, professor of building at Concordia University, believes the paint's
real benefits can only be proved after being in use for a few years. "Dirt
and dust tend to decrease the reflectivity of the surface, "Akbari said. "If
it starts with 95% reflectivity, the pollutants from the air could collect on the
surface, and they decrease the reflectivity.
25．What does the text intend to tell us
A．A new color has been found B．A new paint has been created.
C．Climate change is under control. D．New research is causing argument.
26．What does the underlined word"they"in Paragraph2 refer to
A．The surfaces. B．The scientists.
C．The traditional paints. D．The two kinds of colors.
27．What can be inferred about Dr. Ruan's new paint
A．It absorbs less sunlight. B．It has been widely used.
C．It makes surfaces warmer. D．It functions only in the daytime.
28．What is Hashem's attitude to the new paint
A．Reserved. B．Optimistic. C．Disappointed. D．Uninterested.
【答案】25．B
26．C
27．A
28．A
【知识点】推理判断题；观点态度题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明，介绍了一种新型涂料，一些科学家相信这种新型涂料能帮助对抗气候变化。
【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断，代词指代和观点态度三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
25．考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“A team of researchers led by Xiulin Ruan，a professor at Purdue University，recently revealed an 'ultra-white" paint that they believe could even help fight climate change. ”由普渡大学教授Xiulin Ruan带领的一个研究小组最近发现了一种“超白”涂料，他们相信这种涂料甚至可以帮助对抗气候变化。可知，本文主要是想告诉我们一种新的涂料被创作出来了，故选B。
26．考查代词指代。根据第二段中的“The scientists，who spent six years creating the world's ‘whitest white’ paint， claim that the white paints currently available make surfaces wanner rather than cooler. ”这些科学家花了六年时间创造了世界上“最白的白色涂料”，他们声称，目前可用的白色涂料使表面更温暖，而不是更冷；以及“That's because they only reflect 80 to 90 percent of the sunlight and cannot make surfaces cooler than the surrounding temperature. "那是因为它们只能反射80%到90%的阳光，不能使表面比周围的温度更冷。可知，划线单词所在的句子解释了目前可用的白色涂料使表面更温暖，而不是更冷的原因，可推断出，划线单词they指代的是上句话中提到的“the white paints currently available”目前可用的白色涂料，即传统涂料，故选C。
27．考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"Our paint absorbs 1. 9% of sunlight， but those commercial paints absorb 10% of the sunlight-five times as much as our paint absorbs，”我们的涂料吸收1. 9%的阳光，但那些商业涂料吸收10%的阳光，吸收阳光的量是我们涂料的5倍。可知，Ruan博士的新型涂料吸收更少的太阳光，故选A。
28．考查观点态度。根据最后一段中的“However，Hashem Akbari， professor of building at Concordia University，believes the paint's real benefits can only be proved after being in use for a few years. ”然而， Concordiav 大学建筑学教授Hashem Akbari认为，这种涂料的真正好处只有在使用几年后才能得到证明。可知，Hashem对这种新型涂料的态度是有所保留的，故选A。
（2023高二下·开学考）阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中, 选出最佳选项。
Picture
an iceberg（冰山）. You'll probably imagine something white
as snow rising up out of a blue sea. But icebergs can be all sorts of shades. They
can be from a frosty blue to an attractive green.
Researchers
and sailors have observed emerald（翠绿色）icebergs
for years. A large piece of ice"mast-high"and"green as emerald"even
appears in Samuel Taylor Coleridge's 1834 poem. But they haven't found out exactly
why these icebergs look the way they do.
A
new paper led by Stephen Warren was published. It all has to do with what icebergs
are made out of. Icebergs break off glaciers（冰川）or ice shelves,
which happens mainly around Antarctica and Greenland. They begin their lives as
snowfall that accumulates over time. So icebergs contain air pockets with the form
of bubbles that spread light. With some exceptions and rare lines, glacier ice tends
to look bluish white.
At
first, Warren guessed that the green was a product of melt carbon. And it came from
rotting plants or sea animals. But samples（样本）didn't prove
it. Another idea started to take shape after they had found a high concentration
of iron in a sample of sea ice from the Amery Ice Shelf.
When glaciers rub across land, they produce what's known as glacier flour. It is a product of bedrock being ground clown by the moving mass. As glaciers move away, these remains are usually washed out into water, in particles（颗粒） sometimes too small to be noticeable to your eyes. But on land, soil and rocks contain iron oxides（氧化铁）that often have rosy colors, like reds, yellows, and browns—and since the sea ice contained 500 times more iron than the glacier ice, Warren wondered whether the remains were responsible for icebergs taking on a green appearance.
He
doesn't know for sure. He's hoping to secure money so that he can return to the
area and study the icebergs themselves.
29．Why is Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem mentioned in the text
A．It tells why icebergs look the way they do.
B．It describes vividly what icebergs are like.
C．It says causes of the appearance of icebergs.
D．It proves the existence of colorful icebergs.
30．What can we know about Stephen Warren's paper
A．It draws on researchers' and sailors' views.
B．It is the record of the movement of icebergs.
C．It talks about how icebergs come into being.
D．It is a collection of various social phenomena.
31．What does the underlined word "it"in paragraph 4 refer to
A．A sample of sea ice. B．Warren's first guess.
C．Warren's idea on iron. D．A product of melt carbon.
32．What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A．The possible reason why icebergs look green
B．whore most of icebergs eventually disappear.
C．How icebergs take in the colors from glaciers.
D．The way in which icebergs breaks off glaciers.
【答案】29．D
30．C
31．B
32．A
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；段落大意题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，解释为什么冰山会呈现彩色。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，代词指代，推理判断和段落大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
29．考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Researchers and sailors have observed emerald（翠绿色）icebergs for years. ”研究人员和船员观察翠绿色冰山多年，可知，作者提到塞尔泰勒柯尔律治的诗是因为他的诗可以证明彩色冰山的存在，故选D。
30．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“A new paper led by Stephen Warren was published， It all has to do with what icebergs are made out of“斯蒂芬·沃伦领导的一篇新论文发表了，这一切都与冰山是由什么构成的有关。可知，斯蒂芬·沃伦的论文是关于冰山是如何形成的，故选C。
31．考查代词指代。根据第四段中的“At first，Warren guessed that the green was a product of melt carbon. And it came from rotting plants or sea animal. "最初，沃伦猜测绿色是碳熔化的产物，它采自震烂的植物或海洋动物，但是样本并不能证明这一点，可推知it 指的是沃伦最初的猜测，故选B。
32．考查段落大意。根据第五段中的“Warren wondered whether the remains were responsible for icebergs taking on a green appearance. "沃伦想知道这些残骸是否是冰山呈绿色的原因，可知，本段主要许的是冰山呈现绿色的可能原因，故选A。
（2023高三上·清远期末）
阅读理解
Many sensing systems
used in water have a problem: They rely on batteries that are often made from
unsustainable materials, so such batteries will need replacing at some point.
To look for a cleaner,
more long-lasting alternative, Zhonglin Wang at the Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing，and his colleagues have created a
self-charging buoy (浮标). It uses nanogenerators (纳米发电机) to gain power from the movement of waves.
The buoy consists of
an acrylic (丙烯酸的) ball about 10
centimeters across and four nanogenerators connected to a part that collects
the produced charge. As the water moves back and forth through the
nanogenerators, they generate around 24.5 milliwatts of power.
It is suggested that
the buoy could be used to check and monitor water levels for early flood
warning systems. However, there are already many effective and cheap
alternatives for this task, says Wouter Buytaert at Imperial College London. Non-contact
methods, such as lidar (激光雷达), are
probably more suitable for sensing water levels， he
explains.
"The new power
generation method could prove useful for situations in which non-contact
methods aren't workable, though, such as water quality sensing," Buytaert
says. "There have been devices similar to the buoys in measuring and
checking long-term water quality. But if such application is combined with the
function of power collecting shown here, it could be more promising, "Buytaert
says.
However, if used in rivers,
the buoy would possibly be damaged by rising or violently moving water, especially
if they are fixed at the rapids of the flood as an early warning system. "In
these environments, there is often a high sand load in the river during a flood,
so any sensor actually in the river is likely to get destroyed, "says Liz
Stephens at the University of Reading, UK.
33．What advantage does the new buoy have
A．It is more easily operated. B．It is much greener.
C．It is more functional. D．It is lower-cost.
34．What does paragraph 3 mainly focus on
A．The inspiration of creating the buoy.
B．The practical applications of the buoy.
C．The design and working principle of the buoy.
D．The drawback and probable danger of the buoy.
35．Which word best describes Buytaert's attitude to the new buoy
A．Objective. B．Appreciative. C．Doubtful. D．Uncaring.
36．Which of the following is a potential problem of the new buoy
A．It works unstably. B．It breaks down easily.
C．It causes a high sand load. D．It gives unreliable test results.
【答案】33．B
34．C
35．A
36．B
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；段落大意题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，科学家发明了一种利用纳米发电机从海浪运动中获取能量，从而实现自动充电的新型的浮标，并介绍了它的设计、工作原理和功能，并客观分析了它的优势和局限性。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和段落大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
33．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“To look for a cleaner, more long-lasting alternative”为了寻找一种更清洁、更持久的替代品；以及“It uses nanogenerators(纳米发电机)to gain power from the movement of waves.”它使用纳米发电机从波浪的运动中获得能量。可知，这个新浮标更加洁净，同时它是利用海浪运动的能量实现自动充电，因而节约能源，更加环保。故选B。
34．考查段落大意。根据第三段中的“The buoy consists of an acrylic(丙烯酸的)ball about 10 centimeters across and four nanogenerators connected to a part that collects the produced charge. ”该浮标由一个直径约10厘米的丙烯酸球和四个连接到收集产生电荷的部分的纳米发电机组成。可知，这里主要描写浮标的设计；以及“As the water moves back and forth through the nanogenerators, they generate around 24.5 milliwatts of power.”当水在纳米发电机中来回流动时，它们会产生大约24.5毫瓦的电力。可知，这里主要描写浮标的工作原理；所以第三段主要描写的是浮标的设计和工作原理。故选C。
35．考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“It is suggested that the buoy could be used to check and monitor water levels for early flood warning systems. However, there are already many effective and cheap alternatives for this task”建议该浮标可用于检查和监测水位，用于早期洪水预警系统。然而，对于这项任务，已经有许多有效且廉价的替代方案。可知，Buytaert既肯定了新浮标可以用于水质检查和检测，又指出了有一些更好的替代方案的现状，是非常客观的。故选A。
36．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“if used in rivers, the buoy would possibly be damaged by rising or violently moving water, ”如果在河流中使用，这种浮标可能会被上升或剧烈流动的水损坏。可知，这种新浮标很容易发生故障。故选B。
（2023高三上·高县期末）阅读理解
To address the plastic pollution troubling the world's seas and
waterways, Cornell University chemists have developed a new polymer (聚合物) that can degrade (降解) plastic when exposed to ultraviolet radiation, according to the
research published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
"We have created a new plastic that has the mechanical properties
required by commercial fishing gear. If it eventually gets lost in the water
environment, this material can degrade on a realistic time scale," said lead
researcher Bryce Lipinski, professor of chemistry and chemical biology at
Cornell University. "This material could effectively reduce persistent
plastic accumulation in the environment."
Commercial fishing contributes to about half of all floating plastic
waste that ends up in the oceans. Fishing nets and ropes are primarily made
from three kinds of polymers, none of which easily degrade. "While
research of degradable plastics has received much attention in recent years,"
Lipinski said, "obtaining a material with a mechanical strength comparable
to commercial plastic remains a difficult challenge."
Coates and his research team have spent the past 15 years developing the
new plastic called isotactic polypropylene oxide, or iPPO. While its original
discovery was in 1949, the mechanical strength of this material was unknown
before this recent work. The high isotacticity and polymer chain length of
their material makes it different from previous plastics and provides its
mechanical strength.
Lipinski and other scientists want no race of the polymer to be left in
the environment. He notes there is precedent (先例) for the biodegradation of small chains of iPPO which
could effectively make it disappear and ongoing efforts aim to prove this.
37．What is the feature about the new polymer
A．It can solve the problem of plastic consumption.
B．It can degrade plastic waste in the sea water.
C．It has been developed to solve plastic pollution.
D．It has been developed to lower fishing costs.
38．What can we infer from paragraph 3
A．It requires great effort to invent the new plastic.
B．Fishing should be forbidden in the sea.
C．Fishing nets and ropes are not the major pollution source.
D．Degradable plastics were not paid attention to until recent years.
39．What did the recent study find about iPPO
A．Its original discovery. B．Its mechanical properties.
C．Its complex structure. D．Its mechanical strength.
40．What is Lipinski's attitude towards the future of iPPO
A．Doubtful. B．Promising. C．Unconcerned. D．Disapproval.
【答案】37．C
38．A
39．D
40．B
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，康奈尔大学的化学家们研发出一种新型聚合物在紫外线辐射下可以降解塑料。海洋中的塑料污染问题有望得到解决。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
37．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“To address the plastic pollution troubling the world's seas and waterways, Cornell University chemists have developed a new polymer (聚合物) that can degrade (降解) plastic when exposed to ultraviolet radiation ”可知 ，康奈尔大学的化学家们研发出一种新型聚合物在紫外线辐射下可以降解塑料，这样可以解决海洋中的塑料污染问题。故选C。
38．考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“ ‘While research of degradable plastics has received much attention in recent years,’ …‘obtaining a material with a mechanical strength comparable to commercial plastic remains a difficult challenge.’”虽然近年来可降解塑料的研究受到了很大关注，但获得一种机械强度可与商业塑料媲美的材料仍然是一项艰巨的挑战。”可推断，研发这种新型塑料是一个很大的挑战，需要付出很多的努力。故选A。
39．考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“The high isotacticity and polymer chain length of their material makes it different from previous plastics and provides its mechanical strength.”这种材料的高等度和聚合物链长度使其有别于以往的塑料，也提供了机械强度。可知，关于iPPO，研究发现了这种新型塑料的机械强度。故选D。
40．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“He notes there is precedent (先例) for the biodegradation of small chains of iPPO which could effectively make it disappear.”他指出曾经有先例的对新型塑料iPPO的小链可以进行生物降解，这可以有效地让其残留物消失；以及“ongoing efforts aim to prove this”正在进行的努力旨在证明这一点。 Lipinski认为这种新型塑料在环境中的残余物问题可以得到解决，可推断，他认为这种新型塑料是有前途的。故选B。
备考2023年高考英语二轮专题：阅读理解（自然与环保）
一、阅读理解
（2023高三下·重庆开学考）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C 和 D）中，选出最佳选项。
Curtin University research has found a simple
and affordable method to determine which chemicals and types of metals are best
used to store and supply energy, in a breakthrough for any battery-run devices
and technologies relying on the fast and reliable supply of electricity, including
smart phones and tablets.
Lead author Associate Professor Simone Ciampi
from Curtin's School of Molecular and Life Sciences said this easy, low-cost
method of determining how to produce and keep the highest energy charge in a
capacitor (电容器) could be of great benefit to all scientists, engineers and
start-ups looking to solving the energy storage challenges of the future.
"All electronic devices require an energy
source. While a battery needs to be recharged over time, a capacitor can be
charged instantly because it stores energy by separating charged ions (离子), found
in ionic liquids, " Ciampi said.
There are thousands of types of ionic liquids,
a type of "liquid salt", and until now, it was difficult to know
which would be best suited for use in a capacitor. What our team has done is
designing a quick and easy test, able to be performed in a basic lab, which can
measure both the ability to store charge when a solid electrode touches a given
ionic liquid—a simple capacitor—as well as the stability of the device when
charged.
"The simplicity this test means anyone
can apply it without the need for expensive equipment. Using this method, researchers
found that charging the device for 60 seconds produced a full charge, which did
not ‘leak' (渗漏) and begin to diminish for at least four days, " Mr Belotti
said.
The next step is to use this new screening
method to find ionic liquid with an even longer duration in the charged state
and larger energy density.
1．What can the new method be used to do in the future
A．Help to choose smart phones.
B．Find materials used as energy.
C．Research energy sources of the future.
D．Settle the problem of storing energy.
2．What was the challenge in making a capacitor
A．Choosing the best ionic liquid. B．Figuring out the storing ability.
C．Devising a quick and easy test. D．Recharging a battery instantly.
3．What does the underlined word "diminish" in paragraph 5 probably mean
A．Charge. B．Develop. C．Decrease. D．Expand.
4．What would be a suitable title for the text
A．The Importance of Selecting Ionic Liquid
B．A Good Method to Seek Perfect Ionic Liquid
C．Types of Ionic Liquids for Use in a Capacitor
D．A Simple and Affordable Battery
（2023高二下·达坂城开学考）阅读短文，回答问题
When a chunk of ice
fell from a collapsing glacier(冰川)on the
Swiss Alps' Mount Eiger in 2017, part of the long deep sound it produced was
too low for human ears to detect. But these vibrations held a key to
calculating the ice avalanche's(崩塌)critical
characteristics.
Low-frequency sound
waves called infrasound that travel great distances through the atmosphere are
already used to monitor active volcanoes from afar. Now some researchers in
this field have switched focus from fire to ice: dangerous blocks snapping off
glaciers. Previous work has analyzed infrasound from snow avalanches but never
ice, says Boise State University geophysicist Jeffrey Johnson. "This was
different," Johnson says. "A signature of a new material has been
detected with infrasound."
Usually glaciers move
far too slowly to generate an infrasound signal, which researchers pick up
using detectors that track slight changes in air pressure. But a collapse—a
sudden, rapid breaking of ice from the glacier's main body—is a prolific
infrasound producer. Glacial collapses drive ice avalanches, which pose an
increasing threat to people in mountainous regions as rising temperatures
weaken large fields of ice. A glacier "can become detached from the ground
due to melting, causing bigger break— offs," says University of Florence
geologist Emanuele Marchetti, lead author of the new study. As the threat
grows, scientists seek new ways to monitor and detect such collapses.
Researchers often use
radar to track ice avalanches, which is precise but expensive and can monitor
only one specific location and neighboring avalanche paths. Infrasound,
Marchetti says, is cheaper and can detect break—off events around a much
broader area as well as multiple avalanches across a mountain. It is
challenging, however, to separate a signal into its components (such as traffic
noises, individual avalanches and nearby earthquakes) without additional
measurements, says ETH Zurich glaciologist Malgorzata Chmiel. "The model
used by Marchetti is a first approximation for this," she says.
Isolating the relevant signal helps the researchers monitor an ice avalanche's
speed, path and volume from afar using infrasound.
Marchetti and his
colleagues are now working to improve their detectors to pick up more signals
across at-risk regions in Europe, and they have set up collaborations around
the continent to better understand signals that collapsing glaciers produce.
They are also refining their mathematical analysis to figure out each ice
cascade's physical details.
5．What can we learn from Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3
A．Infrasound has a major role to play in discovering new materials.
B．Ice avalanches are a bigger threat to people than volcanic eruptions.
C．Researchers are trying to use infrasound in detecting ice avalanches.
D．Scientists employ infrasound more in mountain areas than in other places.
6．Which is an advantage of infrasound over radar
A．The combination with other relevant signals.
B．The accuracy in locating a certain avalanche.
C．The ability in picking up signals in wider areas.
D．The sensitivity in tracking air pressure changes.
7．The underlined word "this" in Paragraph 4 refers to________.
A．distinguishing different components of a signal
B．detecting multiple avalanches at the same time
C．calculating the speed and path of ice avalanches
D．monitoring the specific location of ice break—offs
8．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A．From Fire to Ice B．Glacier Whispers
C．Nature is Warning D．Secret of Ice Avalanches
（2023高三下·肥东开学考）阅读理解
Hoping to live on the moon one day
Your chances just got a tiny bit better. Researchers found that lunar pits and
caves reach stable temperatures, making them potentially suitable for human
life.
Planetary
scientists at the University of California, Los Angeles have been doing the
research. Although much of the moon's surface temperatures ranges from as high
as 260 degrees during the day to as low as 280 degrees below zero at night, the
moon has pits and caves where temperatures stay at roughly 63 degrees
Fahrenheit, making human habitation a possibility, according to their new
research.
For perspective, a
day or night on the moon equals a little over two weeks on the earth—making long-term
research and habitation difficult with such extremely hot and cold
temperatures. Researchers say these stable spots could transform the future of
lunar exploration and long-term habitation. The shadowed areas of these pits
could also offer protection from harmful elements, such as solar radiation,
universal rays and micrometeorites (微小陨石).
About 16 of the
over 200 discovered pits most likely come from collapsed lava tubes—tunnels that form
from cooled lava or crust, according to Tyler Horvath, a UCLA doctoral student
and head of the research. The researchers think overhangs inside of these lunar
pits, which were initially discovered in 2009, could be the reason for the
stable temperature.
The research team
also includes UCLA professor of planetary science David Paige and Paul Hayne at
the University of Colorado Boulder. "Humans evolved living in
caves, and to caves we might return when we live on the moon," said Paige
in a UCLA press release.
There are still
plenty of other challenges to establishing any sort of long-term human
residence on the moon—including growing
food and providing enough oxygen. The researchers made clear that NASA has no
immediate plans to establish a base camp or habitations there.
9．What did the researchers find
A．Humans like the life on the moon.
B．People lived in lunar pits and caves.
C．Steady temperature exists somewhere on the moon.
D．Temperatures in caves and pits vary a lot on the moon.
10．What do the shadowed areas act as protection against
A．Solar heat. B．Harmful liquids.
C．Universal gases. D．Micrometeorites.
11．What does the underlined word "evolved" probably mean in paragraph 5
A．Appeared. B．Developed. C．Hunted. D．Escaped.
12．Why does NASA not establish any habitation there at present
A．It has no such plans. B．Food there tastes bad.
C．Many challenges exist. D．There is no oxygen.
（2023高二下·定远开学考）阅读理解
A new study combining linguistic,
genetic and archaeological evidence has traced the origins of the family of
languages including modern Japanese, Korean, Turkish and Mongolian and the
people who speak them to millet (粟) farmers who
inhabited a region in northeastern China about 9, 000 years ago.
The findings
detailed on Wednesday document a shared genetic ancestry for the hundreds of
millions of people who speak what the researchers call Transeurasian languages
across an area stretching more than 8, 000 kilometers.
The findings
illustrate how humankind's embrace of agriculture following the Ice Age powered
the movements of some of the world's major language families. Millet was an
important early crop as hunter-gatherers transitioned to an agricultural lifestyle.
There are 98
Transeurasian languages. This language family's beginnings were traced to
millet farmers in the Liao River valley, an area including parts of the Chinese
provinces of Liaoning and Jilin and the region of Inner Mongolia. As these farmers
moved across northeastern Asia, the descendant languages spread north and west
into Siberia and east into Korea and over the sea to Japan over thousands of
years.
The research
stressed the complex beginnings for modern populations and cultures.
"Accepting
that the roots of one's language, culture or people lie beyond the present
national boundaries is a kind of surrender of identity, which some people are
not yet prepared to make," said comparative linguist Martine Robbeets,
lead author of the study published in the journal Nature.
"Powerful
nations such as Japan, Korea and China are often pictured as representing one
language, one culture and one genetic profile. But a truth is that all
languages, cultures and humans, including those in Asia, are mixed,"
Robbeets added.
The origins of
modem Chinese languages arose independently, though in a similar fashion, with
millet also involved. While the ancestors of the Transeurasian languages grew
millet in the Liao River valley, the originators of the Sino-Tibetan language
family farmed millet at roughly the same time in China's Yellow River region,
paving the way for a separate language expansion.
13．What is the new study mainly about
A．The migration routes of millet farmers.
B．The ancient origins of a large language family.
C．The different ancestries of Transeurasian speakers.
D．The shared features of some neighboring languages.
14．What fueled the spread of Transeurasian languages
A．The transition of power. B．The diversity of lifestyles.
C．The interaction of cultures. D．The adoption of farming.
15．According to Robbeets, who may feel uncomfortable about the new findings
A．Those from agricultural countries.
B．Those who deny their cultural identity.
C．Those with a strong sense of nationalism.
D．Those who are afraid to cross boundaries.
16．What is the main function of the last paragraph
A．To draw a conclusion. B．To present likely consequences.
C．To highlight the theme. D．To offer additional information.
（2023高二下·定远开学考）阅读理解
A "secretive" new species of
frog has been discovered on the forest floor in India's Western Ghat mountain
range. Named the starry dwarf frog after the markings on its dark brown back, it is just 2
centimeters long.
The frog, whose closest
relatives are a group of species native to India and Sri Linka, is the only member
of an ancient lineage (血统) dating back to
millions of years ago, according to
researchers from India and the US. It is unclear whether the species is
descended from African or Asian frogs.
A group of Indian
and US researchers first came across the local species hidden in leaf-litter as
part of a wider project to look for new frogs, lizards and snakes
in the richly biodiverse region and stored it in a jar for later study. Genetic
testing and a closer look at its shape, colouring and
other features has shown that it doesn't match any existing species.
Kartik Shanker of
the Indian Institute of Science, who helped design
the study, says while it is
common to find new frogs in India, this one needs to
be noticed. "This particular species not just is a new species, but also belongs
to a new genus (属), and that makes it
a little more special, " says
Shanker.
The number of
known species of frog identified in India has climbed from around 200 to above
400 over the past two decades. While many species new to science are frequently
immediately sorted as endangered, it is too early to
say whether the starry dwarf frog is threatened. "They are very secretive," says
Shanker, adding that the
team didn't know the size of its population. The frog is active at night and
lives near water.
Habitat loss is a
serious risk to frogs in tropical forests around the world, alongside threats
such as a deadly fungus (真菌) that has been
killing off amphibians (两栖动物) for the past four
decades. But the new species was found in a reserved forest, meaning it will
enjoy a degree of protection by Indian government agencies.
17．What can we learn from paragraph 3
A．The species was discovered by tourists.
B．The species was found in a rich region.
C．The species was finally set free.
D．The species was further studied.
18．What can we say about the new frog
A．It is in small quantities.
B．It is an endangered species.
C．It is well worth attention.
D．It is related to African or Asian frogs.
19．What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A．Habitat loss is the chief threat to frogs.
B．The new species may face less dangers.
C．Tropical forests in India are all under protection.
D．The Indian government determines to save frogs.
20．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．A rare frog species protected in India
B．A rise in species of frog seen in India
C．A secretive frog species discovered in India
D．A risk of habitat loss for frogs removed in India
（2023高三下·镇江开学考）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Every
fall, like clockwork, Linda Krentz of Beaverton, Oregon, felt her brain go on
strike. "I just couldn't get going in the morning," she says.
"I'd get depressed and gain 10 pounds every winter and lose them again in
the spring." Then she read about seasonal affective disorder, a form of
depression that occurs in fall and winter, and she saw the light
literally. Every morning now she turns on a specially constructed light box for
half an hour and sits in front of it to trick her brain into thinking it's
still enjoying those long summer days. It seems to work.
Krentz
is not alone. Scientists estimate that 10 million Americans suffer from
seasonal depression and 25 million more develop milder versions. But
there's never been definitive proof that treatment with very bright lights
makes a difference. After all, it's hard to do a double-blind test when the
subjects can see for themselves whether or not the light is on. That's why
nobody has ever separated the real effects of light therapy from placebo (安慰剂) effects.
Until
now, in three separate studies published last month, researchers report not
only that light therapy works better than a placebo but that treatment is
usually more effective in the early morning than in the evening. In two of
the groups, the placebo problem was resolved by telling patients they were
comparing light boxes to a new anti-depressant device that gives off negatively
charged ions (离子). The third used the timing of light therapy as the control.
Why
does light therapy work No one really knows. "Our research suggests it has
something to do with shifting the body's internal clock," says
psychiatrist Dr. Lewey. The body is programmed to start the day with sunrise,
he explains, and this gets later as the days get shorter. But why such subtle
shifts make some people depressed and not others is a mystery.
That
hasn't stopped thousands of winter depressives from trying to heal themselves.
Light boxes for that purpose are available without a doctor's prescription.
That bothers psychologist Michael Terman of Columbia University. He is worried
that the boxes may be tried by patients who suffer from mental illness that
can't be treated with light. Terman has developed a questionnaire to help
determine whether expert care is needed.
In
any event, you should choose a reputable manufacturer. Whatever product you use
should give off only visible light, because ultraviolet light damages the eyes.
If you are photosensitive (对光敏感的), you may develop a rash. Otherwise, the main drawback is having to
sit in front of the light for 30 to 60 minutes in the morning. That's an
inconvenience many winter depressives can live with.
21．What is the probable cause of Krentz's problem
A．An unexpected gain in body weight.
B．Unexplained impairment of her nervous system.
C．Weakening of her eyesight with the setting in of winter.
D．Poor adjustment of her body clock to seasonal changes.
22．What is the CURRENT view concerning the treatment of seasonal depression with bright lights
A．There is definitive proof of its effect.
B．It serves as a kind of placebo.
C．It is considered as a relatively effective therapy.
D．It hardly produces any effects.
23．What is psychologist Michael Terman's major concern
A．Winter depressives will be addicted to using light boxes.
B．No mental patients would bother to consult psychiatrists.
C．Inferior light boxes will give off harmful ultraviolet lights.
D．Light therapy could be misused by certain mental patients.
24．Which of the following statements is TRUE
A．Winter depressives prefer light therapy in spite of its inconvenience.
B．Light therapy increases the patient's photosensitivity.
C．Eye damage is a side effect of light therapy.
D．Light boxes can be programmed to correspond to shifts in the body clock.
（2023高二下·开学考）阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中, 选出最佳选项。
White
was one of the first colors used in art in the 15th century, and one would think
that there is little room left to improve its"whiteness". It turns out
that is far from the case. A team of researchers led by Xiulin Ruan, a professor
at Purdue University, recently revealed an"ultra-white"paint that they
believe could even help fight climate change.
The
scientists, who spent six years creating the world's "whites white"paint,
claim
that the white paints currently available make surfaces warmer rather than cooler.
That's because they only reflect 80 to 90 percent of the sunlight and cannot make
surfaces cooler than the surrounding temperature. The newly-revealed ultra-white
paint not only reflects 98. 1 percent of sunlight, but also prevents surface infrared（红外线的）heat from being absorbed.
"Our paint absorbs 1. 9% of sunlight, but those commercial paints absorb 10% of the sunlight --five times as much as our paint absorbs, "Dr. Ruan says. "They look white, they are pretty white, but they aren't white enough — they're not able to cool beyond the surrounding temperature. "
Outdoor
tests of the new paint indicated it could keep surfaces 5℃ cooler than the surrounding
temperature under the strong noon sunlight and as much as 10℃ cooler at night.
"We did a very rough calculation, "Dr. Ruan told a news reporter. "And we estimate we would only need to paint 1 percent of the Earth's surface with this paint-perhaps an area where no people live that is covered in rocks --and that could help fight the climate change trend. "
However,
Hashem Akbari, professor of building at Concordia University, believes the paint's
real benefits can only be proved after being in use for a few years. "Dirt
and dust tend to decrease the reflectivity of the surface, "Akbari said. "If
it starts with 95% reflectivity, the pollutants from the air could collect on the
surface, and they decrease the reflectivity.
25．What does the text intend to tell us
A．A new color has been found B．A new paint has been created.
C．Climate change is under control. D．New research is causing argument.
26．What does the underlined word"they"in Paragraph2 refer to
A．The surfaces. B．The scientists.
C．The traditional paints. D．The two kinds of colors.
27．What can be inferred about Dr. Ruan's new paint
A．It absorbs less sunlight. B．It has been widely used.
C．It makes surfaces warmer. D．It functions only in the daytime.
28．What is Hashem's attitude to the new paint
A．Reserved. B．Optimistic. C．Disappointed. D．Uninterested.
（2023高二下·开学考）阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中, 选出最佳选项。
Picture
an iceberg（冰山）. You'll probably imagine something white
as snow rising up out of a blue sea. But icebergs can be all sorts of shades. They
can be from a frosty blue to an attractive green.
Researchers
and sailors have observed emerald（翠绿色）icebergs
for years. A large piece of ice"mast-high"and"green as emerald"even
appears in Samuel Taylor Coleridge's 1834 poem. But they haven't found out exactly
why these icebergs look the way they do.
A
new paper led by Stephen Warren was published. It all has to do with what icebergs
are made out of. Icebergs break off glaciers（冰川）or ice shelves,
which happens mainly around Antarctica and Greenland. They begin their lives as
snowfall that accumulates over time. So icebergs contain air pockets with the form
of bubbles that spread light. With some exceptions and rare lines, glacier ice tends
to look bluish white.
At
first, Warren guessed that the green was a product of melt carbon. And it came from
rotting plants or sea animals. But samples（样本）didn't prove
it. Another idea started to take shape after they had found a high concentration
of iron in a sample of sea ice from the Amery Ice Shelf.
When glaciers rub across land, they produce what's known as glacier flour. It is a product of bedrock being ground clown by the moving mass. As glaciers move away, these remains are usually washed out into water, in particles（颗粒） sometimes too small to be noticeable to your eyes. But on land, soil and rocks contain iron oxides（氧化铁）that often have rosy colors, like reds, yellows, and browns—and since the sea ice contained 500 times more iron than the glacier ice, Warren wondered whether the remains were responsible for icebergs taking on a green appearance.
He
doesn't know for sure. He's hoping to secure money so that he can return to the
area and study the icebergs themselves.
29．Why is Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem mentioned in the text
A．It tells why icebergs look the way they do.
B．It describes vividly what icebergs are like.
C．It says causes of the appearance of icebergs.
D．It proves the existence of colorful icebergs.
30．What can we know about Stephen Warren's paper
A．It draws on researchers' and sailors' views.
B．It is the record of the movement of icebergs.
C．It talks about how icebergs come into being.
D．It is a collection of various social phenomena.
31．What does the underlined word "it"in paragraph 4 refer to
A．A sample of sea ice. B．Warren's first guess.
C．Warren's idea on iron. D．A product of melt carbon.
32．What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A．The possible reason why icebergs look green
B．whore most of icebergs eventually disappear.
C．How icebergs take in the colors from glaciers.
D．The way in which icebergs breaks off glaciers.
（2023高三上·清远期末）
阅读理解
Many sensing systems
used in water have a problem: They rely on batteries that are often made from
unsustainable materials, so such batteries will need replacing at some point.
To look for a cleaner,
more long-lasting alternative, Zhonglin Wang at the Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing，and his colleagues have created a
self-charging buoy (浮标). It uses nanogenerators (纳米发电机) to gain power from the movement of waves.
The buoy consists of
an acrylic (丙烯酸的) ball about 10
centimeters across and four nanogenerators connected to a part that collects
the produced charge. As the water moves back and forth through the
nanogenerators, they generate around 24.5 milliwatts of power.
It is suggested that
the buoy could be used to check and monitor water levels for early flood
warning systems. However, there are already many effective and cheap
alternatives for this task, says Wouter Buytaert at Imperial College London. Non-contact
methods, such as lidar (激光雷达), are
probably more suitable for sensing water levels， he
explains.
"The new power
generation method could prove useful for situations in which non-contact
methods aren't workable, though, such as water quality sensing," Buytaert
says. "There have been devices similar to the buoys in measuring and
checking long-term water quality. But if such application is combined with the
function of power collecting shown here, it could be more promising, "Buytaert
says.
However, if used in rivers,
the buoy would possibly be damaged by rising or violently moving water, especially
if they are fixed at the rapids of the flood as an early warning system. "In
these environments, there is often a high sand load in the river during a flood,
so any sensor actually in the river is likely to get destroyed, "says Liz
Stephens at the University of Reading, UK.
33．What advantage does the new buoy have
A．It is more easily operated. B．It is much greener.
C．It is more functional. D．It is lower-cost.
34．What does paragraph 3 mainly focus on
A．The inspiration of creating the buoy.
B．The practical applications of the buoy.
C．The design and working principle of the buoy.
D．The drawback and probable danger of the buoy.
35．Which word best describes Buytaert's attitude to the new buoy
A．Objective. B．Appreciative. C．Doubtful. D．Uncaring.
36．Which of the following is a potential problem of the new buoy
A．It works unstably. B．It breaks down easily.
C．It causes a high sand load. D．It gives unreliable test results.
（2023高三上·高县期末）阅读理解
To address the plastic pollution troubling the world's seas and
waterways, Cornell University chemists have developed a new polymer (聚合物) that can degrade (降解) plastic when exposed to ultraviolet radiation, according to the
research published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
"We have created a new plastic that has the mechanical properties
required by commercial fishing gear. If it eventually gets lost in the water
environment, this material can degrade on a realistic time scale," said lead
researcher Bryce Lipinski, professor of chemistry and chemical biology at
Cornell University. "This material could effectively reduce persistent
plastic accumulation in the environment."
Commercial fishing contributes to about half of all floating plastic
waste that ends up in the oceans. Fishing nets and ropes are primarily made
from three kinds of polymers, none of which easily degrade. "While
research of degradable plastics has received much attention in recent years,"
Lipinski said, "obtaining a material with a mechanical strength comparable
to commercial plastic remains a difficult challenge."
Coates and his research team have spent the past 15 years developing the
new plastic called isotactic polypropylene oxide, or iPPO. While its original
discovery was in 1949, the mechanical strength of this material was unknown
before this recent work. The high isotacticity and polymer chain length of
their material makes it different from previous plastics and provides its
mechanical strength.
Lipinski and other scientists want no race of the polymer to be left in
the environment. He notes there is precedent (先例) for the biodegradation of small chains of iPPO which
could effectively make it disappear and ongoing efforts aim to prove this.
37．What is the feature about the new polymer
A．It can solve the problem of plastic consumption.
B．It can degrade plastic waste in the sea water.
C．It has been developed to solve plastic pollution.
D．It has been developed to lower fishing costs.
38．What can we infer from paragraph 3
A．It requires great effort to invent the new plastic.
B．Fishing should be forbidden in the sea.
C．Fishing nets and ropes are not the major pollution source.
D．Degradable plastics were not paid attention to until recent years.
39．What did the recent study find about iPPO
A．Its original discovery. B．Its mechanical properties.
C．Its complex structure. D．Its mechanical strength.
40．What is Lipinski's attitude towards the future of iPPO
A．Doubtful. B．Promising. C．Unconcerned. D．Disapproval.
答案解析部分
【答案】1．D
2．A
3．C
4．B
【知识点】主旨大意题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，科廷大学(Curtin University)的一项研究发现了一种简单而经济的方法，可以确定哪种化学物质和金属类型最适合用于储存和供应能源。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
1．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"Curtin University research has found a simple and affordable method to determine which chemicals and types of metals are best used to store and supply energy.”科廷大学的一项研究发现了一种简单而经济的方法，可以确定哪种化学物质和金属类型最适合储存和供应能源 。可知，这种新方法可以解决能源储存问题。故选D。
2．考查细节理解。根据第四段中的"There are thousands of types of ionic liquids, a type of ‘liquid salt’, and until now, it was difficult to know which would be best suited for use in a capacitor.”离子液体有数千种，也就是"液体盐"的一种，直到现在，人们还很难知道哪种离子液体最适合用于电容器、可知，制造电容器的挑战是选择最好的离子液体。故选A。
3．考查词义猜测。根据第五段中的"researchers found that charging the device for 60 seconds produced a full charge, which did not ‘leak' ”研究人员发现，给手机充电60秒就能充满电，而且不会漏电；以及"for at least four days"可知，充满电以后电量至少持续四天才开始减少。可推知 diminish 是“减少”之意，故选C。
4．考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的"Curtin University research has found a simple and affordable method to determine which chemicals and types of metals are best used to store and supply energy”科廷大学的一项研究发现了一种简单而经济的方法，可以确定哪种化学物质和金属类型最适合储存和供应能源；第二段中的"Lead author Associate Professor Simone Ciampi from Curtin's School of Molecular and Life Sciences said this easy, low-cost method of determining how to produce and keep the highest energy charge in a capacitor (电容器). ”该报告的主要作者、柯廷分子和生命科学学院的副教授Simone Ciampi说，这种简单、低成本的方法可以确定如何在电容器中产生并保持最高能量电荷；以及最后一段"The next step is to use this new screening method to find ionic liquid with an even longer duration in the charged state and larger energy density.”下一步是利用这种新的筛选方法来寻找带电状态持续时间更长、能量密度更大的离子液体。可知，全文是围绕寻找一种简单经济的方法来展开文章内容的，所以用"一种好的方法，寻求完美的离子液体电容器"来作为文章标题是比较合适的。故选B。
【答案】5．C
6．C
7．A
8．B
【知识点】主旨大意题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了冰崩会发出大量的次声波，研究人员正在尝试用次声探测技术来检测和探测冰崩。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，代词指代和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
5．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Previous work has analyzed infrasound from snow avalanches but never ice, says Boise State University geophysicist Jeffrey Johnson. ”博伊西州立大学的地球物理学家Jeffrey Johnson说，之前的工作分析过雪崩的次声，但从未分析过冰的次声；以及第三段中的“But a collapse—a sudden, rapid breaking of ice from the glacier's main body—is a prolific infrasound producer.”但是冰川的崩塌——冰川主体的冰突然迅速断裂——是大量次声的产生者；和“As the threat grows, scientists seek new ways to monitor and detect such collapses.”随着威胁的增加，科学家们寻求新的方法来监测和探测这种崩塌。可知，从第二和第三段我们知道研究人员正试图利用次声探测冰崩。故选C。
6．考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“Researchers often use radar to track ice avalanches, which is precise but expensive and can monitor only one specific location and neighboring avalanche paths. Infrasound, Marchetti says, is cheaper and can detect break—off events around a much broader area as well as multiple avalanches across a mountain.”研究人员经常使用雷达来跟踪冰雪崩，这种方法精确但昂贵，而且只能监测一个特定的位置和邻近的雪崩路径。马尔凯蒂说，次声探测技术成本更低，可以探测到更广阔的区域附近的断裂事件，以及山脉上的多次雪崩。可知，和雷达相比次声探测的优势是能接收更大范围内的信号。故选C。
7．考查代词指代。根据第四段中的“It is challenging, however, to separate a signal into its components (such as traffic noises, individual avalanches and nearby earthquakes) without additional measurements, says ETH Zurich glaciologist Malgorzata Chmiel. ”然而，苏黎世联邦理工学院的冰川学家Malgorzata Chmiel说，在没有额外测量的情况下，将一个信号分解成它的组成部分(如交通噪音、单独的雪崩和附近的地震)是一项挑战。可推知，this指代“区分信号的成分”，即马尔凯蒂使用的模型是区分信号成分的初步近似（该模型能区分出信号的不同成分）。故选A。
8．考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“But these vibrations held a key to calculating the ice avalanche's(崩塌)critical characteristics.”但这些振动是计算冰崩临界特性的关键；以及第三段中的“But a collapse—a sudden, rapid breaking of ice from the glacier's main body—is a prolific infrasound producer.”但是冰川的崩塌——冰川主体的冰突然迅速断裂——是大量次声的产生者；和“As the threat grows, scientists seek new ways to monitor and detect such collapses.”随着威胁的增加，科学家们寻求新的方法来监测和探测这种崩塌。可知，冰崩会发出大量的次声波，研究人员正在尝试用次声探测技术来检测和探测冰崩。“冰川低语”可以作为本文标题，吸引读者。故选B。
【答案】9．C
10．D
11．B
12．C
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了研究人员发现，月球上的坑洞温度稳定，可能适合人类生活，但是目前还有很多挑战，如种植食物和提供足够的氧气。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
9．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Researchers found that lunar pits and caves reach stable temperatures, making them potentially suitable for human life.”研究人员发现，月球上的坑洞温度稳定，可能适合人类生活。可知，研究人员发现，月球上的坑洞温度稳定。故选C。
10．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“The shadowed areas of these pits could also offer protection from harmful elements, such as solar radiation, universal rays and micrometeorites (微小陨石).”这些坑的阴影区域也可以保护免受有害元素的伤害，如太阳辐射、宇宙射线和微小陨石。可知，月球上的坑洞的阴影区域可以保护免受太阳辐射、宇宙射线和微小陨石的伤害。故选D。
11．考查词义猜测。根据第五段中的“‘Humans evolved living in caves, and to caves we might return when we live on the moon,’ said Paige in a UCLA press release. ”Paige在加州大学洛杉矶分校的一份新闻稿中说：“人类在洞穴中进化，当我们生活在月球上时，我们可能会回到洞穴。”可知，本句前后为对照关系，尤其是“evolve”和“return”为对照关系，所以根据后半句“当我们生活在月球上时，我们可能会回到洞穴”可知，前半句应为人类在洞穴中进化和演变。故选B。
12．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“There are still plenty of other challenges to establishing any sort of long-term human residence on the moon—including growing food and providing enough oxygen.”要在月球上建立任何形式的长期人类居住地，还有很多其他的挑战——包括种植食物和提供足够的氧气。可知，NASA目前没有在那里建立任何基地的原因是还有很多挑战。故选C。
【答案】13．B
14．D
15．C
16．D
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了发表在《自然》期刊上的一项最新研究发现，包括日语，韩语，土耳其语和蒙古语在内的泛欧亚语系起源于9000年前的中国东北。农业的发展推动了语言的传播。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
13．考查主旨大意。根据第一段“A new study combining linguistic, genetic and archaeological evidence has traced the origins of the family of languages including modern Japanese, Korean, Turkish and Mongolian and the people who speak them to millet (粟) farmers who inhabited a region in northeastern China about 9,000 years ago”一项结合语言学、遗传学和考古学证据的新研究追溯了现代日语、韩语、土耳其语和蒙古语等语言家族的起源，以及与居住在中国东北地区约 9000 年前的黍农民说这些语言的人。可知，第一段主要讲了一支大语族的古代起源。故选B。
14．考查细节理解。根据第三段指代“The findings illustrate how humankind's embrace of agriculture following the Ice Age powered the movements of some of the world's major language families.”研究结果说明了人类在冰河时代之后对农业的接受如何推动了世界上一些主要语系的运动。可知，是农业推动了世界主要语系的发展。故选D。
15．考查推理判断。根据第六段指代“Accepting that the roots of one's language, culture or people lie beyond the present national boundaries is a kind of surrender of identity, which some people are not yet prepared to make,”接受一个人的语言、文化或民族的根源超出目前的国界是一种身份的放弃，有些人还没有准备好。可知，他认为承认自己的语言，文化或祖先来自境外，是一种身份的屈服，有些人接受不了。在四个选项中强烈的民族主义者比较符合这个群体画像。故选C。
16．考查推理判断。根据最后一段指代“The origins of modem Chinese languages arose independently, though in a similar fashion,”现代汉语的起源以类似的方式独立出现。可知，最后一段主要讲了现代汉语的起源，从最后一段可知汉藏语系和泛欧亚语系是独立的。而前文主要探讨的是泛欧亚语系，所以这里是补充额外信息。故选D。
【答案】17．D
18．C
19．B
20．C
【知识点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一种在印度发现的新青蛙品种。通过研究它的种种特征表明，它不同于现有的青蛙种类，而是一种新的特别的属类，并且目前尚不明确它是否属于濒危物种。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
17．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“A group of Indian and US researchers first came across the local species hidden in leaf-litter as part of a wider project to look for new frogs, lizards and snakes in the richly biodiverse region and stored it in a jar for later study.”一组印度和美国的研究人员首次发现了隐藏在落叶中的本地物种，这是一个更广泛的项目的一部分，该项目旨在在这个生物多样性丰富的地区寻找新的青蛙、蜥蜴和蛇，并将其储存在一个罐子中供以后研究；以及“Genetic testing and a closer look at its shape, colouring and other features has shown that it doesn’t match any existing species.”基因测试和对它的形状、颜色和其他特征的仔细观察表明，它与现有的任何物种都不匹配。可知，新发现的青蛙被装在罐子里进行了基因测试、颜色、形状及等其他特征的进一步研究。故选D。
18．考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“While many species new to science are frequently immediately sorted as endangered, it is too early to say whether the starry dwarf frog is threatened.” 虽然许多科学上的新物种经常立即被归类为濒危物种，但现在说星矮蛙是否受到威胁还为时过早；以及“‘They are very secretive,’ says Shanker, adding that the team didn't know the size of its population. ”“它们非常神秘”，Shanker说，并补充说研究团队不知道它们的数量。可知，新物种常备归类为濒危物种，而且这种新青蛙的数量是未知的，所以他们值得特别的关注。故选C。
19．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“But the new species was found in a reserved forest, meaning it will enjoy a degree of protection by Indian government agencies.” 但这个新物种是在一片保护区发现的，这意味着它将受到印度政府机构的一定程度的保护。可知，这种新青蛙物种正在受政府保护，因此它面临的危险可能更小。故选B。
20．考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“A ‘secretive’ new species of frog has been discovered on the forest floor in India's Western Ghat mountain range.”在印度西高特山脉的森林地面上发现了一种“神秘的”青蛙新品种。可知整篇文章介绍一种新被发现的青蛙品种。“在印度发现的一种神秘的青蛙”作为标题可以概括全文主旨。故选C。
【答案】21．D
22．C
23．D
24．A
【知识点】细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了由于季节变换所带来的人的情绪上的变化，特别是一些消极的变化，并给出积极的应对措施。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
21．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Every fall, like clockwork, Linda Krentz of Beaverton, Oregon, felt her brain go on strike. ‘I just couldn't get going in the morning,’ she says. ‘I'd get depressed and gain 10 pounds every winter and lose them again in the spring.’ Then she read about seasonal affective disorder, a form of depression that occurs in fall and winter, and she saw the light literally. ”每年秋天，像时钟一样，俄勒冈州比弗顿的Linda Krentz都会感到自己的大脑在罢工。“我早上根本没法去上班。” 她说：“我很沮丧，每年冬天体重都会增加10磅，到了春天又会瘦下来。”后来她读到有关季节性情绪障碍的文章，这是一种发生在秋冬季节的抑郁症，她真正看到了光明。可知Linda Krentz秋季时会产生季节性情绪障碍，即：她的生物钟无法很好地根据季节的变化而进行调整。故选D。
22．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Until now, in three separate studies published last month, researchers report not only that light therapy works better than a placebo but that treatment is usually more effective in the early morning than in the evening.”到目前为止，在上个月发表的三项独立的研究中，研究人员报告说，光疗法不仅比安慰剂效果更好，而且治疗通常在清晨比晚上更有效。可知，治疗季节性抑郁症，光疗法比安慰剂要好，目前被认为是相对更有效的疗法。故选C。
23．考查细节理解。根据第五段中的“Light boxes for that purpose are available without a doctor's prescription. That bothers psychologist Michael Terman of Columbia University. He is worried that the boxes may be tried by patients who suffer from mental illness that can't be treated with light.”这种灯箱不需要医生的处方就可以买到。这让哥伦比亚大学的心理学家Michael Terman感到困扰。他担心这些盒子可能会被那些无法用光治疗的精神疾病患者使用。可知，Michael Terman担心光线疗法可能被某些精神病人误用。故选D。
24．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“Otherwise, the main drawback is having to sit in front of the light for 30 to 60 minutes in the morning. That's an inconvenience many winter depressives can live with.”除此以外，主要的缺点是早上不得不坐在灯前30到60分钟。这是许多冬季抑郁症患者可以忍受的不便。可知，光疗法的主要缺点是早上不得不坐在灯前30到60分钟，但是冬季抑郁症患者可以接受此不便之处，接受光疗。故选A。
【答案】25．B
26．C
27．A
28．A
【知识点】推理判断题；观点态度题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明，介绍了一种新型涂料，一些科学家相信这种新型涂料能帮助对抗气候变化。
【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断，代词指代和观点态度三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
25．考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“A team of researchers led by Xiulin Ruan，a professor at Purdue University，recently revealed an 'ultra-white" paint that they believe could even help fight climate change. ”由普渡大学教授Xiulin Ruan带领的一个研究小组最近发现了一种“超白”涂料，他们相信这种涂料甚至可以帮助对抗气候变化。可知，本文主要是想告诉我们一种新的涂料被创作出来了，故选B。
26．考查代词指代。根据第二段中的“The scientists，who spent six years creating the world's ‘whitest white’ paint， claim that the white paints currently available make surfaces wanner rather than cooler. ”这些科学家花了六年时间创造了世界上“最白的白色涂料”，他们声称，目前可用的白色涂料使表面更温暖，而不是更冷；以及“That's because they only reflect 80 to 90 percent of the sunlight and cannot make surfaces cooler than the surrounding temperature. "那是因为它们只能反射80%到90%的阳光，不能使表面比周围的温度更冷。可知，划线单词所在的句子解释了目前可用的白色涂料使表面更温暖，而不是更冷的原因，可推断出，划线单词they指代的是上句话中提到的“the white paints currently available”目前可用的白色涂料，即传统涂料，故选C。
27．考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"Our paint absorbs 1. 9% of sunlight， but those commercial paints absorb 10% of the sunlight-five times as much as our paint absorbs，”我们的涂料吸收1. 9%的阳光，但那些商业涂料吸收10%的阳光，吸收阳光的量是我们涂料的5倍。可知，Ruan博士的新型涂料吸收更少的太阳光，故选A。
28．考查观点态度。根据最后一段中的“However，Hashem Akbari， professor of building at Concordia University，believes the paint's real benefits can only be proved after being in use for a few years. ”然而， Concordiav 大学建筑学教授Hashem Akbari认为，这种涂料的真正好处只有在使用几年后才能得到证明。可知，Hashem对这种新型涂料的态度是有所保留的，故选A。
【答案】29．D
30．C
31．B
32．A
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；段落大意题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，解释为什么冰山会呈现彩色。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，代词指代，推理判断和段落大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
29．考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Researchers and sailors have observed emerald（翠绿色）icebergs for years. ”研究人员和船员观察翠绿色冰山多年，可知，作者提到塞尔泰勒柯尔律治的诗是因为他的诗可以证明彩色冰山的存在，故选D。
30．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“A new paper led by Stephen Warren was published， It all has to do with what icebergs are made out of“斯蒂芬·沃伦领导的一篇新论文发表了，这一切都与冰山是由什么构成的有关。可知，斯蒂芬·沃伦的论文是关于冰山是如何形成的，故选C。
31．考查代词指代。根据第四段中的“At first，Warren guessed that the green was a product of melt carbon. And it came from rotting plants or sea animal. "最初，沃伦猜测绿色是碳熔化的产物，它采自震烂的植物或海洋动物，但是样本并不能证明这一点，可推知it 指的是沃伦最初的猜测，故选B。
32．考查段落大意。根据第五段中的“Warren wondered whether the remains were responsible for icebergs taking on a green appearance. "沃伦想知道这些残骸是否是冰山呈绿色的原因，可知，本段主要许的是冰山呈现绿色的可能原因，故选A。
【答案】33．B
34．C
35．A
36．B
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；段落大意题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，科学家发明了一种利用纳米发电机从海浪运动中获取能量，从而实现自动充电的新型的浮标，并介绍了它的设计、工作原理和功能，并客观分析了它的优势和局限性。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和段落大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
33．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“To look for a cleaner, more long-lasting alternative”为了寻找一种更清洁、更持久的替代品；以及“It uses nanogenerators(纳米发电机)to gain power from the movement of waves.”它使用纳米发电机从波浪的运动中获得能量。可知，这个新浮标更加洁净，同时它是利用海浪运动的能量实现自动充电，因而节约能源，更加环保。故选B。
34．考查段落大意。根据第三段中的“The buoy consists of an acrylic(丙烯酸的)ball about 10 centimeters across and four nanogenerators connected to a part that collects the produced charge. ”该浮标由一个直径约10厘米的丙烯酸球和四个连接到收集产生电荷的部分的纳米发电机组成。可知，这里主要描写浮标的设计；以及“As the water moves back and forth through the nanogenerators, they generate around 24.5 milliwatts of power.”当水在纳米发电机中来回流动时，它们会产生大约24.5毫瓦的电力。可知，这里主要描写浮标的工作原理；所以第三段主要描写的是浮标的设计和工作原理。故选C。
35．考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“It is suggested that the buoy could be used to check and monitor water levels for early flood warning systems. However, there are already many effective and cheap alternatives for this task”建议该浮标可用于检查和监测水位，用于早期洪水预警系统。然而，对于这项任务，已经有许多有效且廉价的替代方案。可知，Buytaert既肯定了新浮标可以用于水质检查和检测，又指出了有一些更好的替代方案的现状，是非常客观的。故选A。
36．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“if used in rivers, the buoy would possibly be damaged by rising or violently moving water, ”如果在河流中使用，这种浮标可能会被上升或剧烈流动的水损坏。可知，这种新浮标很容易发生故障。故选B。
【答案】37．C
38．A
39．D
40．B
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，康奈尔大学的化学家们研发出一种新型聚合物在紫外线辐射下可以降解塑料。海洋中的塑料污染问题有望得到解决。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
37．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“To address the plastic pollution troubling the world's seas and waterways, Cornell University chemists have developed a new polymer (聚合物) that can degrade (降解) plastic when exposed to ultraviolet radiation ”可知 ，康奈尔大学的化学家们研发出一种新型聚合物在紫外线辐射下可以降解塑料，这样可以解决海洋中的塑料污染问题。故选C。
38．考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“ ‘While research of degradable plastics has received much attention in recent years,’ …‘obtaining a material with a mechanical strength comparable to commercial plastic remains a difficult challenge.’”虽然近年来可降解塑料的研究受到了很大关注，但获得一种机械强度可与商业塑料媲美的材料仍然是一项艰巨的挑战。”可推断，研发这种新型塑料是一个很大的挑战，需要付出很多的努力。故选A。
39．考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“The high isotacticity and polymer chain length of their material makes it different from previous plastics and provides its mechanical strength.”这种材料的高等度和聚合物链长度使其有别于以往的塑料，也提供了机械强度。可知，关于iPPO，研究发现了这种新型塑料的机械强度。故选D。
40．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“He notes there is precedent (先例) for the biodegradation of small chains of iPPO which could effectively make it disappear.”他指出曾经有先例的对新型塑料iPPO的小链可以进行生物降解，这可以有效地让其残留物消失；以及“ongoing efforts aim to prove this”正在进行的努力旨在证明这一点。 Lipinski认为这种新型塑料在环境中的残余物问题可以得到解决，可推断，他认为这种新型塑料是有前途的。故选B。