2024届高考考前模拟英语试题（上海卷）（原卷版+ 解析版有听力音频和听力原文）考试试卷

2023年高考英语考前模拟考场练手卷
（上海卷）
（解析版）
Listening Comprehension Section A （第1-10题, 每题1分；第11-20题，每题1.5分；共25分）
Section A
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1．
A．At a special party. B．At a hair-dressing salon.
C．At a night club. D．At a fashion show.
【答案】B
【原文】M: How would you like your hair today The same style as usual
W: I have a special party to attend tonight and I’d like to change my style.
Q: Where does the dialogue most probably happen
2．
A．Finland. B．Egypt. C．Mexico. D．Zambia.
【答案】D
【原文】W: Where would you probably go for this coming vacation
M: Hmm. I think I would go to Southern Africa.
Q: Which of the following countries will the man probably go
3．
A．Camping. B．Travelling. C．Sporting. D．Shopping.
【答案】A
【原文】M: You’re absolutely right. It’s such a good escape from everyday life.
W: Yes. I love sleeping outside, cooking over an open fire and hearing all the nature sounds.
Q: What are they most probably talking about
4．
A．She is also a fan of Argentina.
B．She is also working very hard.
C．She loves American football so much.
D．She works for the World Cup.
【答案】B
【原文】M: I’m saving up my vacation time at work so I can go to the World Cup next year.
W: Really Me too. Actually, I’m an Argentina fan.
Q: Why does the woman say “Me too.”
5．
A．She threw something at a truck.
B．She threw herself out of window and broke her leg.
C．She moved a truck to save a little boy.
D．She rushed to a moving truck to save a kid.
【答案】D
【原文】W: What Sara broke her leg What happened
M: Well. She threw herself in front of a moving truck to save a little boy in the middle of the road.
Q: What did Sara do
6．
A．They planned to go skiing in the rain. B．They just want to grab the chance.
C．They will probably change their mind. D．They’ll go skiing even in the rain.
【答案】C
【原文】M: The weather forecast said that there is a chance of rain tomorrow. We’ll still go skiing
W: Maybe we shouldn’t risk it. I’m not sure I want to get stuck in the rain.
Q: What do we learn from the talk
7．
A．Lisa likes the messy situation. B．Lisa made the mess.
C．He and Lisa are settling a problem. D．Lisa likes the new place.
【答案】D
【原文】W: How are you settling in
M: Oh, we are still in a bit of a mess, but Lisa seems to like it here.
Q: What does the man mean
8．
A．The lady should stop being patient.
B．He can’t understand the lady’s feeling.
C．The lady should not blame others.
D．Nobody may be interested in her problem.
【答案】C
【原文】W: You just don’t know what I feel! Everything is getting worse, because of him.
M: Stop blaming other people. Be patient, and think positively.
Q: What does the man mean
9．
A．Certain gift from Hawaii. B．A grand wedding party.
C．Two plane tickets to Hawaii. D．A picture of the moon.
【答案】C
【原文】M: Congratulations! It’s absolutely a grand wedding party. Have you opened the gift I gave you
W: Yes. Thanks a lot. Hawaii is a nice place for the honeymoon.
Q: What’s probably the gift
10．
A．They went to see a movie. B．The dancers impressed them both.
C．The woman is also a dancer. D．The man invited the lady to the show.
【答案】B
【原文】M: What a fantastic performance! Thank you for inviting me to the musical.
W: You are welcome. I’m happy you enjoyed the show. The dancers were amazing. It reminds me of when I used to dance.
Q: What do we learn from the conversation
Section B
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two passages and passage or conversation, you will be asked several questions will be read twice, but the question will be spoken only one the four possible answers on your paper and decide which o you have heard.
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage
11．
A．Aircraft design. B．Mathematics.
C．Engineering. D．Science.
12．
A．40. B．14. C．4. D．0.
13．
A．She stuck to studying engineering at college.
B．She addressed to students at high schools and colleges.
C．She tried to persuade women not to do engineering for its hard work.
D．She researched defense systems of satellites and rockets.
【答案】11．B 12．D 13．B
【原文】M: Mary Ross was born on August 9, 1908, in the state of Oklahoma. Her work is considered critical to the early stages of the age of space travel. Ross showed special abilities in math and science from an early age. As a student, she developed an interest in aviation, the practice of flying aircraft. She went on to earn a master’s degree in mathematics from Colorado State Teachers College - now called the University of Northern Colorado. During World War II, Ross began working for the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation as a mathematician. There, she was urged to complete work in aircraft engineering. She earned a special certification in the field from the University of California - Los Angeles in 1949. Ross was later chosen to join Lockheed’s top-secret Skunk Works team that worked on aircraft designs. The name refers to a group that is permitted to work independently on advanced projects. She was the only female engineer among the team’s 40 members. Early on, she researched defense systems. By the late 1950s, her work centered on satellites and a series of space rockets called Agenda. The rockets were extremely important in the 1960s during the Apollo moon program. Ross retired from Lockheed in 1973. But she continued to give talks at high schools and colleges to encourage more women and Native Americans to study engineering. Mary Ross died in 2008, a few months before her 100th birthday.
Questions:
1. In what major did Ross get her master’s degree
2. How many female colleagues did Ross have when working in a Lockheed’s top-secret team
3. What did Ross go on to do after her retirement
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.
14．
A．The South Atlantic Ocean. B．The coast of South America.
C．African continent. D．The coast of Angola.
15．
A．He studies the similarities between ancient and modern animals.
B．He discovers the remains of ancient sea animals on the coast.
C．He studies the cause of separation of South America and Africa.
D．He helps do the arrangement of the ancient animal remains in a museum.
16．
A．Because the remains were exposed on the coast.
B．Because these animals used to live close to each other in one place.
C．Because these animals were driven to one place and killed.
D．Because these animals were all eaten by one large, fierce ancient sea animal.
【答案】14．D 15．D 16．B
【原文】
Millions of years ago, many large, strange-looking sea creatures lived in what is now the South Atlantic Ocean. Scientists say the continents of South America and Africa separated millions of years ago. As this happened, they say, many kinds of dangerous animals and other life forms settled in the newly formed body of water off the coast of Angola.
Today, scientists are studying ancient animal remains discovered on the Angolan coast. They knew there would be remains in the area, but “didn’t know how good they would be.”
Jacobs and a team of scientists and students helped prepare the remains to be shown at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. He said visitors to the museum can see the similarity between the ancient and modern ocean environment and animals.
Michael Polcyn, another researcher, says one ancient fish-eating animal had a long nose and teeth similar to that of a dolphin. He notes that visitors can see the remains of large, fierce animals, as well as gentler creatures like an ancient giant sea turtle.
“We have a clear picture of this moment in time 72 million years ago that has preserved all of these animals that were living together in one place.”
Scientists say a large rock from space hit the earth millions of years ago and killed most of the animals.
Questions:
14.Where are scientists studying the ancient animal remains
15.What does Jacobs do
16.Why could scientists find so many ancient animal remains
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
17．
A．A saving account in a single name. B．A saving account in joint names.
C．A checking account in a single name. D．A checking account in joint names.
18．
A．4. B．3. C．2. D．1.
19．
A．The lady and her brothers or sisters. B．The lady’s parents.
C．The lady and her father. D．The lady and her mother.
20．
A．Identification paper, photograph, a letter of introduction and some money.
B．Identification paper, some clarifications, a letter of introduction and some money.
C．A letter of introduction, photographs, a check book and some money.
D．Driving license, identification paper, photos, and a letter of introduction.
【答案】17．B 18．A 19．C 20．A
【原文】W: Good morning, sir. May I come in
M: Good morning. Yes, please. Take a seat. I guess you want to open an account, right
W: Yes.
M: Great! What account do you want to open, a checking account or a savings account
W: I would like to open a savings account in your bank. What is the procedure
M: Would you like to open an account in a single name or in joint names
W: I would like to open a joint account with my father.
M: In that case both of you have to present identification papers and a set of two photographs each.
W: Would it be alright if I brought a photocopy of my driving license
M: Yes, that would be fine. In fact, photocopies of your voter’s card electricity bill, or driving license are accepted.
W: Is that all that is required
M: Just one more requirement. We need an introduction by an account holder of our bank.
W: Fine I’ll get that. Just two more clarifications, please. What is the minimum bank balance needed for opening the account and what is the interest rate on a savings account
M: The minimum balance is $500 and we are offering an interest rate of 3.5% on the savings account these days.
W: I’ll be back with all the stuff needed.
M: Yes, on opening an account with us we will give you a cheque book for withdrawals and a pass book for keeping an account. Both you and your father can operate the account.
W: Thank you for all the help.
M: A friendly and prompt customer service is our motto.
Questions:
1. What kind of account does the lady want to open
2. How many photos does the lady need to prepare for a new account
3. Who may withdraw money from the account
4. What does a person need to open a savings account in this bank
Grammar and Vocabulary （每题1分；共20分）
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Morning or night Which time of day do you enjoy the most and are more mentally alert ___21___ one you prefer, there is a name for you.
Early birds or morning larks (云雀), as you can guess, are morning people. They have more energy in the morning and are happy to greet the day. ___22___ they rise early, they lose energy in the late afternoon. Therefore, morning larks tend to hit the hay early. As most of society runs on daylight hours, morning larks are seen as productive people. As the saying goes: “The early bird gets the worm.”
Night owls are the opposite of morning larks. These people have ___23___ (little) energy in the morning. They would rather get a few more hours of sleep than rise with the sun. But on the other side, night owls come alive in the late evening hours. They become energetic and find inspiration in the moonlight. It’s no surprise___24___ they can they up well into the night.
While all birds ___25___ (create) equal, some night owls wish they could rise earlier. If you are one of them, here are some tips to help you catch that worm.
People___26___ not adjust their bedtimes overnight (一夜之间). So far those night owls wishing to rise at dawn, start with a 15-minute change. Go to bed 15 minutes earlier than usual and wake up that much earlier as well. Keep the pattern going until you find yourself___27___ (rise) with the sun.
Though it may be challenging. start your morning with as much light as possible. Open the curtains. Turn on the lights. See what ___28___ difference it makes in helping you start your day.
To make the change from owl to lark you need to be consistent and rise early every day. Don’t work hard to rise early during the week only ___29___ (sleep) in on weekends. Pick an hour to wake up, and do it every day.
For the night owls out there, hopefully these tips ___30___ (make) your mornings more bearable.
【答案】
21．Whichever 22．Because 23．least 24．that 25．are created 26．can 27．rising 28．a 29．to sleep 30．will make
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了早起鸟和夜猫子的区别，以及如何从夜猫子变成早起鸟的一些建议。
21．考查让步状语从句。句意：无论你喜欢哪一个，都有一个适合你的名字。结合句意可知空处引导让步状语从句，表示“无论哪一个” 用whichever；此处whichever为形容词，作one的定语，首字母大写。故填Whichever。
22．考查原因状语从句。句意：因为它们起得早，下午晚些时候就会失去精力。结合句意，空处引导原因状语从句，表示“因为”用because，强调直接造成某种结果的理由和原因，首字母大写。故填Because。
23．考查形容词最高级。句意：这些人早上精力最少。本句“These people ”指前文“Night owls”，与早起鸟相反，夜猫子早上的精力最少，故用形容词的最高级least修饰名词energy。故填least。
24．考查主语从句。句意：他们能熬夜到深夜也不足为奇。本句使用了“it + be + n.+ that…”句型。It为形式主语，因此空处引导主语从句，该从句主干成分完整，句意完整，故用连接词that引导该从句。故填that。
25．考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：虽然所有的鸟类都是平等的，但有些夜猫子希望自己能早点起床。While引导的让步状语从句缺谓语，描述一般性事实，且从句主语all birds是复数，和从句谓语动词create之间为动宾关系，因此用一般现在时的被动语态，主谓保持一致。故填are created。
26．考查情态动词。句意：人们不能一夜之间调整睡觉时间。分析句子可知，本句谓语不完整，结合句意表示“不能够”用can not。故填can。
27．考查非谓语动词。句意：保持这种模式，直到你发现自己随着太阳起床。分析句子可知，until引导的时间状语从句中有谓语find，故使用非谓语动词。yourself和rise之间为主动关系，故用现在分词做宾补。故填rising。
28．考查冠词。句意：看看它在帮你重新开始一天上有何不同。what引导的宾语从句是一个感叹句；make a difference是固定短语，意为“有区别”。故填a
29．考查非谓语动词。句意：不要在一周中早起努力工作，结果周末却睡懒觉。only to do sth.表示“结果却……”。故用不定式作结果状语。故填to sleep。
30．考查时态。句意：对于夜猫子来说，希望这些建议能让你的早晨更能坚持得住。本句缺谓语，结合“hopefully ”可知，时态采用一般将来时。故填will make。
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．agreements B．chattering C． efforts D．feasibly E. fulfillment F. hardG. introduced H. morality I. persuaded J. seized K. spoiled
Here’s to guilt-free flying. Maj a Rosen gave up flying a decade ago out of concern for its environmental impact. But when she became a mother and started hanging out with other parents, she didn’t bring it up, even when the conversation turned to flying. It would have ____31____ the mood.
Then in April 2018, her home country of Sweden ____32____ a tax on aviation (飞行).The climate impacts of flying were on the evening news and the mood changed. Rosen____33____ the moment. With her neighbor Lotta Hammar, she launched a campaign called “We stay on the ground”, which has____34____10,000 people to commit to avoid flights in 2019.
Kudos. But here’s the ____35____ truth: in the grand scheme of things, barely anyone will follow suit. The ____36____ classes tend to have a lot to say about the eco benefits of avoiding meat, cycling and eating locally sourced food. But that ____37____ generally disappears when it comes to flying.
We can’t rely on international ____38____ to stop aviation emission either. Yes, the UN has fixed up a deal to cap aviation emissions beyond 2020. But it lacks real bite, allowing airlines to continue emitting carbon provided they offset (抵消)it.
All this means we could really do with green tech riding to the rescue. Here, at least, there is a little good news. Even rather simple measures like freeing planes to fly in straighter lines could ____39____ cut carbon emissions. Hybrid (混合动力的)electric aircraft are also the pipeline. And we already know that planes can mix up to 50 per cent biofuels into their tanks and fly safely.
It’s time to redouble our_____40_____ to make planes green. In the meantime, if you are still looking for a New Year’s resolution, you might want to think about joining those 105000 Swedes.
【答案】
31．K 32．G 33．J 34．I 35．F 36．B 37．H 38．A 39．D 40．C
【分析】这是一篇说明文。本文由介绍一项由瑞典女性发起的“不乘坐飞机”运动开启，进而介绍目前让航空业更加绿色环保面临的问题，最后呼吁人们要加大环保力度。
31．考查谓语动词。句意：谈话气氛会被破坏。分析句子结构可知，设空处应填写动词过去分词，与前面的助动词would have构成谓语，spoiled“破坏”为动词过去分词形式，符合文意，故选 K项。
32．考查谓语动词。句意：然后到了2018年4月，她的祖国瑞典出台了一项针对飞行的税收政策。分析句子结构可知，设空处应填写动词作谓语；又根据时间状语in April 2018可知，该处应填写动词过去式，表示“引入……（政策）”，introduce“引入；介绍”为动词，符合文意，故选G项。
33．考查谓语动词。句意：Rosen抓住了这个时机。分析句子结构可知，设空处应填写动词作谓语；根据前文的句意可知，设空处还是表述过去发生的事情，应使用动词的过去式，seized“抓住；占据”为动词过去式形式，符合文意，故选J项。
34．考查谓语动词。句意：她和邻居Lotta Hammar共同发起一个名为“我们在地面”运动。此次运动已经在2019年说服了1万人承诺不再乘坐飞机。分析句子结构可知，设空处应填写动词作谓语；又根据空格前的助动词has可知，该处填写动词过去分词形式，构成现在完成时态，persuaded“说服”为动词过去式形式，符合文意，故选I项。
35．考查形容词作定语。句意：但是这里有一个残酷的事实：声势浩大的事情，几乎任何人都会跟风加入。分析句子结构可知，该处应填写形容词，hard“艰难的；残酷的”为形容词，作truth的定语，表示“残酷的现实”，故选F项。
36．考查非谓语动词。句意：喜欢对社会发表意见的人们往往很愿意谈论素食、自行车骑行和选择就近生产的食物带来的生态环境益处。分析句子结构可知，该空格处作定语，chattering classes为固定搭配，意为“清谈阶层；喜欢对政治或社会问题发表意见的人”，故选B项。
37．考查名词。句意：但是这种道德准则遇到飞行话题上就会缺位。分析句子结构可知，空格处应填写名词，作主语；根据空格前的that可知，该处指代上文人们生态保护方面的道德准则，morality“道德；道德准则”为名词，符合文意，故选H项。
38．考查名词。句意：我们也不能只是依靠国际协议来阻止航空业的温室气体排放。分析句子结构可知，该空格处应填写名词，作宾语，agreements“协议；合同”为名词，符合文意，故选A项。
39．考查副词。句意：即使是相当简单的措施，如让飞机以直线飞行，也可以有效减少碳排放。混合动力的电动飞机也在蓄势待发。分析句子结构可知，该空格处应填写副词，修饰谓语动词cut，feasibly“可行地；行得通地”为副词，符合句意表述，故选D项。
40．考查名词。句意：我们如今要加倍努力，让航空业变得更加绿色环保。分析句子结构可知，该处应填写名词，作宾语；efforts“努力”为名词，符合文意，故选C项。
Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A. B.C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context
Human beings have somehow managed to engineer the night to receive us by filling it with light. This kind of control is no different from the feat ( 壮 举 ) of damming a river. Its benefits come with____41____ — called light pollution — whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design. ____42____ lighting washes out the darkness of night, altering light levels and light rhythms to which many forms of life, including ourselves, have____43____. Wherever man-made light spills into the natural world, some aspects of life-migration, reproduction, feeding-is affected.
For most human history, the phrase “light pollution” would have____44____. Imagine walking towards London on a moonlit night around 1800, when it was Earth’s most populous city. Nearly a million people lived there, ____45____ candles, torches and lanterns, as they always had. Only a few houses were lit by gas, and there would be no public gaslights in the streets or squares for another seven years. From a few miles away, you would have been more likely to____46____ London than to see its dim collective glow.
We’ve lit up the night as if it were a(n) ____47____ country. As a matter of fact, among mammals (哺乳动物) alone, the number of species active at night is astonishing. Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet attracting them to it. The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being____48____ by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms, circling and circling in the thousands until they drop.
It was once thought that light pollution only affected astronomers, who need to see the night sky in all its glorious clarity. Unlike astronomers, most of us may not need a____49____ view of the night sky for our work. _____50_____, like most other creatures, we do need darkness. _____51_____ darkness is pointless. It is as essential to maintaining our biological welfare as_____52_____ itself; the price of modifying our internal clockwork means it doesn’t operate as it should, causing various physical discomforts. So fundamental are the regular rhythms of waking and sleep to our being that_____53_____ them is similar to altering our center of gravity.
In a very real sense, light pollution causes us to_____54_____ our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best_____55_____ against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way — the edge of our galaxy — arching overhead.
41．A．consequences B．achievements C．agreements D．circumstances
42．A．Randomly-designed B．Well-designed
C．Poorly-designed D．Economically-designed
43．A．appealed B．adapted C．objected D．amounted
44．A．come under criticism B．made no difference
C．come into effect D．made no sense
45．A．making do with B．fed up with C．identifying with D．overflowing with
46．A．visit B．greet C．feel D．smell
47．A．independent B．disconnected C．unoccupied D．excluded
48．A．exposed B．captured C．dismissed D．frustrated
49．A．clear B．comprehensive C．traditional D．critical
50．A．Subsequently B．However C．Therefore D．Similarly
51．A．Reviewing B．Embracing C．Denying D．Regulating
52．A．light B．rhythm C．status D．dawn
53．A．emerging from B．withdrawing from C．messing with D．coinciding with
54．A．keep track of B．lose sight of C．catch hold of D．let go of
55．A．measured B．neutralized C．undergone D．supervised
【答案】
41．A 42．C 43．B 44．D 45．A 46．D 47．C 48．B 49．A 50．B 51．C 52．A 53．C 54．B 55．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了因为人类照明导致的光污染相关情况。
41．考查名词词义辨析。句意：它的好处伴随着被称为光污染的后果，科学家们现在才开始研究光污染的影响。A. consequences结果；B. achievements成就；C. agreement同意；D. circumstances情况。根据下文“light pollution (光污染)”可知，这是人类黑夜使用灯光造成的结果。故选A项。
42．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：拙劣设计的的照明消除夜晚的黑暗，改变包括我们在内的许多生命形式所适应的光线水平和光线节奏。A. Randomly-designed随意设计的；B. Well-designed好好设计的；C. Poorly-designed拙劣设计的；D. Economically-designed经济实惠设计的。根据上文“Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design. (光污染在很大程度上是不良照明设计的结果)”可知，本文探讨的光污染与不良照明设计关系密切，即拙劣设计的照明。故选C项。
43．考查动词词义辨析。句意：拙劣设计的的照明消除夜晚的黑暗，改变包括我们在内的许多生命形式所适应的光线水平和光线节奏。A. appealed呼吁；B. adapted使适应；C. objected反对；D. amounted共计。根据上文“altering light levels and light rhythms (改变光线水平和光线节奏)”可推测，发生改变的是大家习以为常的光线水平和节奏，而动词搭配adapt to意为“使适应”，此处表示人们以及适应的光线水平和节奏被改变，符合语境。故选B项。
44．考查动词短语辨析。句意：对于大多数人类历史而言，“光污染”这一短语毫无意义。A. come under criticism遭受批评；B. made no difference没区别；C. come into effect生效；D. made no sense没意义。根据下文“Imagine walking towards London on a moonlit night around 1800, when it was Earth’s most populous city. (想象一下，大概在1800年，在一个月明的夜晚走向伦敦这个地球上人口最多的城市)”可知，人类历史上很长一段时间大家并没意识到光污染这件事情，因此“光污染”这一短语毫无意义。故选D项。
45．考查动词短语辨析。句意：近一百万人住在那里，像往常一样，凑合着使用蜡烛、火把和灯笼。A. making do with凑合着用；B. fed up with使对……厌烦；C. identifying with认同；D. overflowing with充满。根据下文“Only a few houses were lit by gas (只有几所房子被煤气点亮)”可知，许多家庭无法使用煤气灯，凑合使用蜡烛等照明。故选A项。
46．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在几英里之外，你更可能闻到伦敦的味道，而不是看到它暗淡的集体光芒。A. visit参观；B. greet打招呼；C. feel感受；D. smell闻。根据上文“candles, torches and lanterns (蜡烛、火把和灯笼)”和“gas (煤气)”可知，这些照明方式有很重的气味，可能先闻到气味才能看见灯光。故选D项。
47．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们点亮了夜晚，仿佛这是一个无人居住的国家。A. independent独立的；B. disconnected不连贯的；C. unoccupied空置的；D. excluded排除在外的。根据下文“Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet attracting them to it. (光是一种强大的生物力，对许多物种来说，它就像一块磁铁，吸引着它们)”可知，因为照明的灯光，夜晚不再是原本意义上的夜晚，生物物种都被照明灯光吸引，不在身处黑夜，故可将这样的夜晚比喻成没有物种，空置的地方。故选C项。
48．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这种效应是如此强大，以至于科学家们说，鸣禽和海鸟被陆地上的探照灯或海洋石油平台上的废气燃烧器所捕获，数千只在空中盘旋，直到坠落。A. exposed暴露；B. captured捕获；C. dismissed解雇；D. frustrated使受挫。根据上文“Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet attracting them to it. (光是一种强大的生物力，对许多物种来说，它就像一块磁铁，吸引着它们)”可知，这些鸣禽海鸟被陆地上的探照灯或海洋石油平台上的废气燃烧器产生的灯光吸引，最终掉落，可以比喻为被捕获。故选B项。
49．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：与天文学家不同，我们大多数人的工作可能不需要清晰的夜空。A. clear清楚的；B. comprehensive全面的；C. traditional传统的；D. critical批评的。根据上文“It was once thought that light pollution only affected astronomers, who need to see the night sky in all its glorious clarity. (曾经有人认为光污染只会影响天文学家，他们需要看到夜空的明亮)”可知，此处把天文学家和大多数普通人作对比，天文学家需要清晰的夜空，而普通人不需要。故选A项。
50．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，和大多数生物一样，我们的确需要黑暗。A. Subsequently随后；B. However然而；C. Therefore因此；D. Similarly相似地。根据上文“Unlike astronomers, most of us may not need a clear view of the night sky for our work. (与天文学家不同，我们大多数人的工作可能不需要清晰的夜空)”可知，这与下文“我们的确需要黑暗”形成转折关系。故选B项。
51．考查动词词义辨析。句意：否认黑暗是无意义的。A. Reviewing复习；B. Embracing拥抱；C. Denying否认；D. Regulating调节。根据下文“It is as essential to maintaining our biological welfare as light itself (它对维持我们的生物福利和光本身一样重要)”可知，此处it指代的“黑暗”本身对我们生物而言很重要，和光线一样必不可少，因此我们不能否认它。故选C项。
52．考查名词词义辨析。句意：它就像光本身一样，对维持我们的生物福利至关重要；改变我们体内生物钟的代价意味着它不能正常工作，导致各种身体不适。A. light光；B. rhythm节奏；C. status身份；D. dawn黎明。根据上文“Denying darkness is pointless. (否认黑暗是无意义的)”可知，前后两句在对比黑暗和光线，二者一样重要，空格处应该填light“光”。故选A项。
53．考查动词短语辨析。句意：清醒和睡眠的规律对我们来说是如此的基本，以至于打乱它们就像改变我们的重心。A. emerging from来自；B. withdrawing from从……中退出；C. messing with打乱；D. coinciding with与……一致。根据上文“the price of modifying our internal clockwork means it doesn’t operate as it should, causing various physical discomforts. (修改我们内部时钟的代价意味着它不能正常工作，导致各种身体不适)”可知，修改内部时钟即意味着打乱清醒和睡眠的节奏。故选C项。
54．考查动词短语辨析。句意：从某种非常实际的意义上来说，光污染使我们看不到我们在宇宙中的真实位置，忘记了我们人类存在的规模，而衡量人类位置和规模的最佳对照就是悬拱于头顶、处在星系边缘的银河所在的幽深夜空。A. keep track of了解……的动态；B. lose sight of看不见；C. catch hold of抓住；D. let go of放开。根据下文“our true place in the universe (我们在宇宙中的真实位置)”可知，位置是需要用眼睛看的，而光污染使我们看不清天空，故也看不见我们在宇宙中的位置。故选B项。
55．考查动词词义辨析。句意：从某种非常实际的意义上来说，光污染使我们看不到我们在宇宙中的真实位置，忘记了我们人类存在的规模，而衡量人类位置和规模的最佳对照就是悬拱于头顶、处在星系边缘的银河所在的幽深夜空。A. measured衡量；B. neutralized使无效；C. undergone经受；D. supervised监督。根据上文“light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being (光污染使我们看不到我们在宇宙中的真实位置，忘记了我们人类存在的规模)”可知，此处所提到的“我们在宇宙中的真实位置”以及“我们人类存在的规模”都是我们应该清楚的东西，而清楚的方式就是用黑夜来进行对比，词组measure against意为“使相比较，衡量”符合语境。故选A项。
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
A great deal can be learned from the actual traces of ancient human movement: the footprints of early hominids (原始人类). The best-known specimens (标本) are the remarkable tracks discovered at Laetoli, Tanzania, by Mary Leaky. These were left by small hominids around 3.6 to 3.75 million years ago.
Examination of the shape of the prints revealed to Mary Leakey that the feet had a raised arch, a rounded heel (脚跟), a pronounced ball, and a big toe that pointed forward. These features, together with the weight-bearing pressure patterns, resembled the prints of upright-walking modem humans. The pressures imposed along the foot, together with the length of step, which averaged 87 centimeters, indicated that the hominids had been walking slowly. In short, all the detectable features implied that the feet that left the footprints were very little different from those of contemporary humans.
A detailed study has been made of the prints using photogrammetry, a technique for obtaining measurements through photographs, which created a drawing showing all the curves and shapes of the prints. The result emphasized that there were at least seven points of similarity with modem prints, such as the depth of the heel impression, and the deep imprint of the big toe. Footprints thus provide us not merely with rare impressions of the soft tissue of early hominids, but also with evidence of upright walking that in many ways is clearer than can be obtained from the analysis of bones.
The study of fossil footprints is not restricted to examples from such remote periods. Hundreds of prints are known, for example, in French caves dating from the end of the last Ice Age, approximately 10,000 years ago. Research by Leon Pales has provided information about this period.
56．What does the passage mainly discuss
A．The career of Mary Leakey.
B．The analysis of footprint specimens.
C．Accurate dating of hominid remains.
D．Behavioral patterns of early humans.
57．The figure of 87 centimeters mentioned in paragraph 2 refers to the size of the _________.
A．hominids feet
B．hominids bodies
C．steps taken by the hominids
D．objects carried by the hominids
58．Why does the author mention the “heel impression” in paragraph 3
A．To indicate the weight of early hominids.
B．To emphasize the size of the hominids foot.
C．To hint at a possible injury the hominid had suffered.
D．To give an example of similarity to modem human footprints.
59．What can be inferred about the footprints found in French caves mentioned in the last paragraph
A．They show more details than the Laetoli prints.
B．They are not as informative as the Laetoli prints.
C．They are of more recent origin than the Laetoli prints.
D．They are more difficult to study than the Laetoli prints
【答案】56．B 57．C 58．D 59．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是科研人员对于远古人类脚印的分析以及这些脚印对于我们研究原始人类和现代人类之间相似性的重要意义。
56．主旨大意题。文章第一段“A great deal can be learned from the actual traces of ancient human movement: the footprints of early hominids (原始人类). The best-known specimens (标本)are the remarkable tracks discovered at Laetoli, Tanzania, by Mary Leaky. These were left by small hominids around 3.6 to 3.75 million years ago.(我们可以从古代人类活动的实际痕迹中了解到很多东西：早期原始人的足迹（原始人类）。最著名的标本是由Mary Leaky在坦桑尼亚Laetoli发现的脚印。这些是大约360万到375万年前的小型原始人留下的。)”引出原始人类足迹标本的话题；二、三段具体讲的是科学家对于原始人类足迹的分析，最后一段“The study of fossil footprints is not restricted to examples from such remote periods. Hundreds of prints are known, for example, in French caves dating from the end of the last Ice Age, approximately 10,000 years ago. Research by Leon Pales has provided information about this period.(对化石足迹的研究并不局限于这些遥远时期的例子。例如，在上一次冰河时代末期，大约一万年前的法国洞穴中，已经发现了数百个脚印。Leon Pales的研究提供了有关这一时期的信息。)”举例说明对化石足迹的研究并不局限于这些遥远时期的例子。纵观全文，文章都是在围绕着对于远古人类足迹样本的分析展开，而B项“The analysis of footprint specimens(足迹标本分析。)”概括了全文的内容。故选B项。
57．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Examination of the shape of the prints revealed to Mary Leakey that the feet had a raised arch, a rounded heel (脚跟), a pronounced ball, and a big toe that pointed forward. These features, together with the weight-bearing pressure patterns, resembled the prints of upright-walking modem humans. The pressures imposed along the foot, together with the length of step, which averaged 87 centimeters, indicated that the hominids had been walking slowly.( Mary Leakey对这些脚印的形状进行了检查，发现这些脚印有凸起的足弓、圆形的脚后跟、明显的球形和指向前方的大脚趾。这些特征，加上负重压力的图案，很像直立行走的现代人的脚印。脚上施加的压力，加上平均87厘米的台阶长度，表明原始人走得很慢。)”可知原始人走得很慢说明他正在攀登，所以此处的87厘米指的是原始人当时正在攀登的台阶的高度。故选C项。
58．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“The result emphasized that there were at least seven points of similarity with modem prints, such as the depth of the heel impression, and the deep imprint of the big toe. Footprints thus provide us not merely with rare impressions of the soft tissue of early hominids, but also with evidence of upright walking that in many ways is clearer than can be obtained from the analysis of bones. (结果强调，与现代印痕至少有7个相似之处，例如脚跟印痕的深度和大脚趾的深度印痕。因此，脚印不仅为我们提供了早期人类软组织的罕见印痕，而且还提供了直立行走的证据，这些证据在许多方面比从骨骼分析中得到的更清楚。)”可知结果显示脚印与现代人类印痕有许多相似的地方，所以作者提到heel impression是为了举例证明与现代人类足迹的相似性。故选D项。
59．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The study of fossil footprints is not restricted to examples from such remote periods. Hundreds of prints are known, for example, in French caves dating from the end of the last Ice Age, approximately 10,000 years ago. Research by Leon Pales has provided information about this period.(对化石足迹的研究并不局限于这些遥远时期的例子。例如，在上一次冰河时代末期，大约一万年前的法国洞穴中，已经发现了数百个脚印。Leon Pales的研究提供了有关这一时期的信息。)”可知在大约一万年前的法国洞穴中，已经发现了数百个脚印，由此可以推断法国洞穴中的脚印比Mary Leaky在Laetoli发现的脚印标本起源更近。故选C项。
（B）
About 14.5 percent of our greenhouse-gas emissions come from livestock (家畜). But what if you could eat a burger without having a cow
When Mark Post grew the first lab-made beef in 2013, the patty (“close to meat but not that juicy,”according to one taste tester) cost $330,000. The estimated price of a frankenburger is now a much more reasonable $12, and some start-ups say mock meat will hit shelves within a couple of years.
Plants will most likely always be the greenest protein, but cultured meat could at least become more sustainable than flesh grown on the bone. Here’s how some estimates say it will shake out in land and water use, and emissions.
1/5FOOTBALL FIELD 409PROPANE TANKS (瓦斯罐) 446,000TOILET FLUSHES (冲水)
Making a metric ton of lab- grown protein wouldn’t require much land, according to researchers Hanna Tuomisto and Avijit Ray. But the 2.6 fields taken up cultivating the same protein from fava, kidney, or black beans aren’t wasted: These crops help keep fields healthy storing nutrients in soil. So we’ll call that a draw. Our cultured meat would emit a barbecue tournament’s worth of greenhouse gas. That’s less than one-tenth the emissions of real beef but more than double the amount of soybeans, a vegan favourite. On the other hand, products like tofu require further processing, which means more gas. Lab-grown food would use 713,265 gallons of water; more than 200 times what you send down the toilet annually. A metric ton of old-school beef protein takes 16 million flushes. Water is decreasing and agriculture does most of the consumption, so test-tube beef might be worthwhile for bean discounters.
60．According to the passage, which of the following statements is true of lab-grown beef
A．It has already sold well.
B．It is now more affordable.
C．It is more sustainable than plants.
D．It first emerged in the 20th century.
61．The table in the passage is intended to________ .
A．call for our attention to some environmental issues
B．explain why lab-grown beef is well-received
C．illustrate how eco-firiendly beef equivalent is
D．justify our actions to give up test-tube beef
62．What can be learned from the table
A．Cultured meat tastes better if barbecued properly
B．Lab-grown beef emits less greenhouse gas than tofu.
C．Test-tube beef takes much more water than old-school beef
D．Making a metric ton of lab-grown protein requires 2.6 fields.
【答案】60．B 61．C 62．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了人造牛肉和它在土地和水的使用以及排放方面产生的影响。
60．细节理解题。根据第二段内容“When Mark Post grew the first lab-made beef in 2013, the patty (“close to meat but not that juicy,” according to one taste tester )cost $330,000. The estimated price of a frankenburger is now a much more reasonable $12,(2013年，Mark Post在实验室培育出第一块牛肉时，肉饼（据一位品尝员说，‘接近肉类，但没有那么多汁’)的价格为33万美元。现在，一个‘科学怪堡’的估计价格是12美元，这要合理得多)”可知，人造牛肉现在便宜的多。故选B项。
61．推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“Here’s how some estimates say it will shake out in land and water use, and emissions.(以下是一些估计认为它将在土地和水的使用以及排放方面产生的影响)”及表格内容可知，表格从土地使用，温室气体排放和水的消耗三个方面描述了人造牛肉的优势，旨在表明人造牛肉很环保。故选C项。
62．推理判断题。根据表格中间一列的内容“That’s less than one-tenth the emissions of real bee but more than double the amount of soybeans, a vegan favourite. On the other hand, products like tofu require further processing, which means more gas.(这还不到真正牛肉排放量的十分之一，但却是素食主义者最爱的大豆排放量的两倍多。另一方面，像豆腐这样的产品需要进一步加工，这意味着需要更多的气体)”可知，人造牛肉比大豆排放的温室气体多，但是豆腐在加工过程中会排放更多的气体，因此人造牛肉比豆腐排放的温室气体更少，故选B项。
( C )
It could have been anywhere, my first intentionally photo-free journey, but it just happened to be Ethiopia. Photographic equipment can be a great physical burden. It may weigh anything from a few hundred grams to several kilos, depending on how seriously one approaches the business of picture-taking. Yet the real burden of photography is mental, not physical; it is the feeling of needing to take photographs, that because you have a camera you must use it.
In the first few days of camera-less travel, there are certainly moments of frustration at letting one great photograph after another go past, but having no camera, and thus being unable to take photographs, surprisingly soon stops the urge to do so. Very quickly, scenes become appreciated for what they are, rather than for the photographs they would have made.
Climbing up the western wall of the Great Rift Valley, on the way to the capital, Addis Ababa, the road emerges from a tunnel onto open, grassy plains — a small piece of uncharacteristically undomesticated countryside, with an even more uncharacteristic population of wild animals. They looked magnificent in the tearing wind, and through binoculars (双筒望远镜) they could be absorbed at leisure — theirs and mine. And thus unseen, I watched them play, free from concerns as to how close I could risk going with my camera without losing the very moment I sought to capture.
Exciting though stalking (跟踪) wild creatures can be, the photographer must obviously stalk as much out of sight as possible, thus being denied any chance of actually watching them. The photographer’s mind is effectively stopped from experiencing any more than the photographic possibilities of the scene. At eye level, the camera not only creates a physical barrier but also isolates the photographer from the joyful reality of the subject, and from everywhere else around them too. Then comes the climax, the press of the button, the pull of the trigger (快门), before more stalking, more photographs and, inevitably, the stalking too far which frightens the animals to flight. The difference between looking in order to photograph and actually seeing what is there is never more distinct than when taking pictures of animals, to the extent that the two become almost mutually exclusive. There is time only for deciding the best way to take the photograph, before addressing more practical technicalities — how to keep the minibus’s wheel out of the shot of lions, or get enough depth of field so all the flamingos (火烈鸟) on the lake are in focus at once.
63．According to the first paragraph, what is the main problem that photographers face while travelling
A．Moving their heavy equipment about
B．Locating places to purchase batteries.
C．Trying to get the best possible shots.
D．Being under pressure to take photographs.
64．The writer suggests in the second paragraph that people who choose to leave their cameras at home ________.
A．conclude that the decision was unrealistic
B．rapidly lose the desire to take any photographs
C．come to consider previous trips as unsatisfactory
D．appreciate the excellence of other people’s photos
65．What does the writer suggest about the animals he sees
A．They were too far away to be usefully observed.
B．They were surprisingly unaffected by the closeness of humans.
C．They might have been enjoying the situation for more than he was.
D．They might have become alarmed by the presence of a photographer.
66．The writer questions the value of stalking animals because a photographer ________.
A．can cause the animals to behave aggressively towards people
B．may become too uncomfortable to take reasonable shots
C．may not be able to appreciate the situation fully
D．can easily become distracted from his task
【答案】63．D 64．B 65．D 66．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。作者通过自己的第一次不拍照的旅行说明旅行中不去拍照，你就会把注意力放到欣赏景色上，而不是拍照上。相反，旅行中去拍照，你的旅行体验就会大打折扣，特别是跟拍动物更是如此。
63．推理判断题。根据第一段的句子“Yet the real burden of photography is mental, not physical; it is the feeling of needing to take photographs, because you have a camera you must use it.”（然而，摄影的真正负担是精神上的，而不是身体上的；它是一种需要拍照的感觉，因为你有相机，所以你就想着必须使用它。）可知，旅行中，如果你带着相机，你就会想着去拍照，这就会给你带来一种精神上的压力。故选D项。
64．细节理解题。根据第二段的句子“In the first few days of camera-less travel, there are certainly moments of frustration at letting one great photograph after another go past, but having no camera, and thus being unable to take photographs, surprisingly soon stops the urge to do so.”（在没有相机的旅行的最初几天，你肯定会因为错过一张又一张的好照片而感到沮丧，但没有相机，因此无法拍照，令人惊讶的是，很快你就会停止拍照的冲动。）可知，旅行中，如果你不带相机，最初你可能会因为错过一些好照片而沮丧，但是很快你就没有拍照的冲动了。故选B项。
65．推理判断题。根据第三段的句子“And thus unseen, I watched them play, free from concerns as to how close I could risk going with my camera without losing the very moment I sought to capture.”（因此，在看不见的情况下，我看着它们玩耍，不用担心我和它们的距离和因为带着相机而不想丢失我想要捕捉的那一刻。）和第四段的句子“Then comes the climax, the press of the button, the pull of the trigger, before more stalking, more photographs and, inevitably, the stalking too far which frightens the animals to flight.”（然后高潮来了，按下的按钮，触发快门，然后是更多的跟踪，拍更多的照片，不可避免的是，跟踪会吓跑动物。）可知，当人们不跟拍动物时，就不用担心和动物的距离，而跟拍动物，就可能把动物吓跑。故选D项。
66．推理判断题。根据最好一段的句子“Exciting though stalking wild creatures can be, the photographer must obviously stalk as much out of sight as possible, thus being denied any chance of actually watching them.”（尽管跟踪野生动物令人激动，但摄影师必须尽可能在动物看不到的地方，这样就失去了仔细观察它们的机会。）和“There is time only for deciding the best way to take the photograph, before addressing more practical technicalities — how to keep the minibus’s wheel out of the shot of lions, or get enough depth of field so all the flamingos on the lake are in focus at once.”（先要处理好更多的技术细节——如何让狮子看不到你的面包车，或者是把车停到足够深处，以便拍到湖上所有的火烈鸟，然后只剩下时间决定用什么方法拍摄最好。）可知，跟踪动物拍摄时，摄影师要考虑很多因素，这样，他们可能会失去尽情欣赏这些动物和景色的机会。故选C项。
Section C
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.
Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities. _____67_____
Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. _____68_____
People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g., “I volunteer because it’s important to me”) to an external factor (e.g., “I volunteer because I’m required to do so”). __________69__________ People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.
Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time To answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. Having followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year, they have found that one of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. This result may lead to practical advice. The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.
______70______ It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work. Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.” Consistent with the researchers’ expectations, they found a positive correlation between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer.
A．Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role.
B．To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.
C．When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future.
D．So it is of great importance to study volunteer behaviors and how to organize volunteer activities.
E．To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.
F．These results also suggest that continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity.
【答案】67．E 68．B 69．C 70．A
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究人员通过一系列的调查，找出促使人们参加志愿工作的几个因素和促使他们长期对此感兴趣的原因。
67．根据空前一句“Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities.（假设你成为一个组织的领导者。很可能你会希望有志愿者来帮助组织的活动。）”以及下文的分析可知，此处承接上文，讲的是领导者要清楚人们为什么会对从事志愿者工作感兴趣。E选项“To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.”（要做到这一点，它应该有助于理解为什么人们从事志愿工作和什么使他们对这项工作保持兴趣。）符合题意，故选E项。
68．根据上文“If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate.（如果志愿者的职位不满足这些需求，人们可能不愿意参与。）”可知，要想吸引志愿者得知道吸引人的动机。B选项“To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.”（为了选择志愿者，你可能需要了解你希望吸引的人的动机。）符合题意，故选B项。
69．根据下文“People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.（当人们认为志愿活动是必须的时候，他们必须对这种可能性敏感。）”可知，要调动起人们的主观能动性，因为强制性志愿会使大家拒绝做志愿活动。C选项“When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future.”（当这种情况发生时，人们在未来就不太可能去做志愿者了。）符合题意，故选C项。
70．根据后文“Consistent with the researchers’ expectations, they found a positive correlation between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer.（与研究人员的预期一致，他们发现角色认同的强度和人们继续志愿服务的时间长度之间存在正相关。）”可知，本段研究人员是在做一个关于角色认同的强度和人们继续志愿服务的时间长度之间关系的调查。A选项“Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role.”（另一项针对芝加哥医院302名志愿者的研究集中在人们将“志愿者”视为重要社会角色的程度上的个体差异。）符合题意，故选A项。
IV. Summary Writing
71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point( s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
How We Find Our Direction
Psychologists have found that there are two main ways that successful travelers use to navigate (确定位置) their environment.
The first is to follow a fixed route from here to there. Cognitive (认知的) psychologist Barbara Tver sky describes route navigation as a series of paths and choice points that is basically selfcentered: it is constructed for the purpose of reaching one particular goal from a fixed starting point, and the entire journey is explained from the point of view of the traveler.
The second navigational strategy involves a bird’s-eye view — a map of the general area. Maps are overviews, “surveys of a space of possibilities,” that lay out a variety of possible paths. Maps almost always rely on cardinal directions (基本方位), usually east-west and north-south, that anchor them to a larger space. When we use a map to get somewhere, it is up to us to figure out the most proper route, or the alternatives, for ourselves.
So how does this work out in the real world In her 2019 book, Mind in Motion, Tversky acknowledges that most of us do not carry a file drawer of maps in our heads. Instead, we use a combination of methods to get where we are going: part turn-by-turn directions, part bird’s-eye view, and part general map-like information(it’s somewhere near the center of town; we’ll be traveling toward Omaha; the mid-day sun is on our left, so we are still heading west) and helpful landmarks. For this reason, Tversky refers to our way finding plans not as “cognitive maps” but as “cognitive collages (拼贴画)”.
But it is important to note that most navigational directions of moderate complexity depend in part on the ability to understand a map perspective. Sometimes maps just make for better directions, but they are essential if we make a mistake and have to figure out how to correct our course.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】There are basically two methods by which we can find our way successfully: establishing a route from the starting point to the destination and building a mental map to enable us to work out the route. In the real world, we generally find our way by combining the methods. But the mental map-building ability enables us to correct the mistakes.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是成功的旅行者有两种方式来驾驭他们的环境，从而找到自己的方向。第一种是从起始点到终点要遵循固定的路线。第二种是导航策略包括鸟瞰图，即整个区域的地图。在现实世界中，我们通常通过结合这些方法来找到自己的路。
【详解】1要点摘录
①Psychologists have found that there are two main ways that successful travelers use to navigate their environment.
②The first is to follow a fixed route from here to there.
③The second navigational strategy involves a bird’s-eye view—a map of the general area.
④Sometimes maps just make for better directions, but they are essential if we make a mistake and have to figure out how to correct our course.
2.缜密构思
将第1、4两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Psychologists have discovered that there are two ways to determine your path
People usually determine a route by starting and ending points.
By creating a mental map of the entire area, the wrong route can be repaired.
In real life, we can determine our direction and route through these two ways.
【点睛】【高分句型写范文中的就可以，至少2个高分句型】
[高分句型1] There are basically two methods by which we can find our way successfully.运用介词+关系代词构成的定语从句，表达更高级。
[高分句型2]：In the real world, we generally find our way by combining the methods.用介词短语in the real word以及介词+动名词结构，作状语，表达非常高级。
V. Translation (共15分。第1小题和第2小题,每题3分;第3题4分;第4题5分。)
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets
72．显而易见，照片上的形象与我眼前的这个人一点不像。（look）(汉译英)
【答案】Obviously, the image in the photo looks nothing like the person in front of me.
【详解】考查时态，主谓一致和短语。根据所给中文提示词，“显而易见”应该做状语，修饰后面整个句子，译为“obviously”，本句主语是“形象”，“照片上的”做定语修饰主语，所以译为“the image in the photo”，谓语动词根据题干要求，需用look，再根据句意此处应该用固定搭配：look like意为“看起来像”，“与我眼前的这个人一点不像”应译为“look nothing like the person in front of me”描述的是客观事实，应该用一般现在时，主语是“the image”为第三人称单数，所以谓语动词用“looks”。故译为：Obviously, the image in the photo looks nothing like the person in front of me.
73．在学生们的要求下，这位来自葡萄牙的老师唱了一首他们的民歌。（request）(汉译英)
【答案】At the request of the students, the teacher from Portugal sang a folk song from their country.
【详解】考查介词短语、动词时态和名词。表示“在……的要求下”应用介词短语at the request of，作状语；表示“唱”应用动词sing，作谓语，动作发生在过去应用一般过去时；表示“一首他们的民歌”应用a folk song from their country，做宾语；表示“来自葡萄牙的”应用介词短语from Portugal，作定语，修饰teacher。故翻译为At the request of the students, the teacher from Portugal sang a folk song from their country。
74．开展线上活动，是想鼓励孩子们随时随地体验运动的快乐。（intend）(汉译英)
【答案】Online activities are intended to encourage children to experience the happiness of sports anytime and anywhere.
【详解】考查固定搭配和非谓语动词。根据所给中文提示词，以及题干要求，需用intend，所以将原句转化为“开展线上活动旨在鼓励孩子们随时随地体验运动的快乐。”，从而可以用固定搭配：be intended to意为“目的是，旨在”，其中主语是“开展线上活动”译为“online activities”，谓语动词用be intended to，描述的是客观事实，用一般现在时，故应是“are intended to”，“鼓励孩子们”作宾语，译为“encourage children”，“体验运动的快乐”应该用固定搭配：encourage sb to do sth to do，所以此处是不定式作宾语补足语，译为“to experience the happiness of sports”，“随时随地”作状语，译为“anytime and anywhere”。故译为：Online activities are intended to encourage children to experience the happiness of sports anytime and anywhere.
75．最终，产品不仅比我预期的好，而且还可以在短时间内上市。（Not only ...） （汉译英）
【答案】In the end, not only was the product better than I had expected, but it was available in a short time.
【详解】考查固定短语，时态和部分倒装。“最终”是in the end，“产品”是the product，“不仅……而且……”是固定搭配not only...but also...，not位于句首，引起句子部分倒装，“比……好”用一般过去时，“我预期”用过去完成时，“比我预期的好”是was better than I had expected，部分倒装是was the product better than I had expected，“在短时间内上市”用一般过去时，是it was available in a short time，因此整句话翻译为“In the end, not only was the product better than I had expected, but it was available in a short time”。故答案为In the end, not only was the product better than I had expected, but it was available in a short time。
VI.Guided Writing (共25分)
Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese
假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近在一本英语杂志上读到一篇文章，作者认为“第一印象在人际交往中非常重要”，你对此话题很感兴趣，写一封邮件给该杂志“读者来信”专栏，内容须包括：
1)你是否赞同作者的这一观点；
2)用具体事例说明你的观点。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Dear editor,
I have read a passage from your magazine about the first impression in interpersonal relationships. I am really interested in it and writing to share my opinions with you.
To begin with, I strongly support the idea that the first impression is of great importance in interpersonal relationships. As the saying goes, “A good beginning is half done”. A good first impression can make things easier later. For example, a candidate always wants to show his best during an interview so that it will be more likely for him to get the offer. When it comes to making new friends, nobody wants to talk to those who behave rudely when they meet for the first time.
Before we know others deeply, we can only judge whether we want to make friends or cooperate with them according to the first impression they have made, so the first impression is important.
Yours,
Li Ming
【导语】本文一篇应用文。要求考生写邮件给一本英语杂志，来表明自己对“第一印象在人际交往中非常重要”这一观点的看法。
【详解】1.词汇积累
对……感兴趣：be interested in → show/take/express an interest in
首先：to begin with → first of all/above all
赞成：support → agree with
判断：judge → decide
根据：according to → on the basis of
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句。
原句：I have read a passage from your magazine about the first impression in interpersonal relationships. I am really fond of it and writing to share my opinions with you.
拓展句：I have read a passage from your magazine about the first impression in interpersonal relationships, which I am really fond of, so I am writing to share my opinions with you.
【点睛】【高分句型1】To begin with, I strongly support the idea that the first impression is of great importance in interpersonal relationships. (运用了that引导的同位语从句)
【高分句型2】For example, a candidate always wants to show his best during an interview so that it will be more likely for him to get the offer. (运用了so that句型来引导状语从句)
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第69页 第70页2023年高考英语考前模拟考场练手卷
（上海卷）
（原卷版）
Listening Comprehension Section A （第1-10题, 每题1分；第11-20题，每题1.5分；共25分）
Section A
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1．
A．At a special party. B．At a hair-dressing salon.
C．At a night club. D．At a fashion show.
2．
A．Finland. B．Egypt. C．Mexico. D．Zambia.
3．
A．Camping. B．Travelling. C．Sporting. D．Shopping.
4．
A．She is also a fan of Argentina.
B．She is also working very hard.
C．She loves American football so much.
D．She works for the World Cup.
5．
A．She threw something at a truck.
B．She threw herself out of window and broke her leg.
C．She moved a truck to save a little boy.
D．She rushed to a moving truck to save a kid.
6．
A．They planned to go skiing in the rain. B．They just want to grab the chance.
C．They will probably change their mind. D．They’ll go skiing even in the rain.
7．
A．Lisa likes the messy situation. B．Lisa made the mess.
C．He and Lisa are settling a problem. D．Lisa likes the new place.
8．
A．The lady should stop being patient.
B．He can’t understand the lady’s feeling.
C．The lady should not blame others.
D．Nobody may be interested in her problem.
9．
A．Certain gift from Hawaii. B．A grand wedding party.
C．Two plane tickets to Hawaii. D．A picture of the moon.
10．
A．They went to see a movie. B．The dancers impressed them both.
C．The woman is also a dancer. D．The man invited the lady to the show.
Section B
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two passages and passage or conversation, you will be asked several questions will be read twice, but the question will be spoken only one the four possible answers on your paper and decide which o you have heard.
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage
11．
A．Aircraft design. B．Mathematics.
C．Engineering. D．Science.
12．
A．40. B．14. C．4. D．0.
13．
A．She stuck to studying engineering at college.
B．She addressed to students at high schools and colleges.
C．She tried to persuade women not to do engineering for its hard work.
D．She researched defense systems of satellites and rockets.
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.
14．
A．The South Atlantic Ocean. B．The coast of South America.
C．African continent. D．The coast of Angola.
15．
A．He studies the similarities between ancient and modern animals.
B．He discovers the remains of ancient sea animals on the coast.
C．He studies the cause of separation of South America and Africa.
D．He helps do the arrangement of the ancient animal remains in a museum.
16．
A．Because the remains were exposed on the coast.
B．Because these animals used to live close to each other in one place.
C．Because these animals were driven to one place and killed.
D．Because these animals were all eaten by one large, fierce ancient sea animal.
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
17．
A．A saving account in a single name. B．A saving account in joint names.
C．A checking account in a single name. D．A checking account in joint names.
18．
A．4. B．3. C．2. D．1.
19．
A．The lady and her brothers or sisters. B．The lady’s parents.
C．The lady and her father. D．The lady and her mother.
20．
A．Identification paper, photograph, a letter of introduction and some money.
B．Identification paper, some clarifications, a letter of introduction and some money.
C．A letter of introduction, photographs, a check book and some money.
D．Driving license, identification paper, photos, and a letter of introduction.
Grammar and Vocabulary （每题1分；共20分）
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Morning or night Which time of day do you enjoy the most and are more mentally alert ___21___ one you prefer, there is a name for you.
Early birds or morning larks (云雀), as you can guess, are morning people. They have more energy in the morning and are happy to greet the day. ___22___ they rise early, they lose energy in the late afternoon. Therefore, morning larks tend to hit the hay early. As most of society runs on daylight hours, morning larks are seen as productive people. As the saying goes: “The early bird gets the worm.”
Night owls are the opposite of morning larks. These people have ___23___ (little) energy in the morning. They would rather get a few more hours of sleep than rise with the sun. But on the other side, night owls come alive in the late evening hours. They become energetic and find inspiration in the moonlight. It’s no surprise___24___ they can they up well into the night.
While all birds ___25___ (create) equal, some night owls wish they could rise earlier. If you are one of them, here are some tips to help you catch that worm.
People___26___ not adjust their bedtimes overnight (一夜之间). So far those night owls wishing to rise at dawn, start with a 15-minute change. Go to bed 15 minutes earlier than usual and wake up that much earlier as well. Keep the pattern going until you find yourself___27___ (rise) with the sun.
Though it may be challenging. start your morning with as much light as possible. Open the curtains. Turn on the lights. See what ___28___ difference it makes in helping you start your day.
To make the change from owl to lark you need to be consistent and rise early every day. Don’t work hard to rise early during the week only ___29___ (sleep) in on weekends. Pick an hour to wake up, and do it every day.
For the night owls out there, hopefully these tips ___30___ (make) your mornings more bearable.
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．agreements B．chattering C． efforts D．feasibly E. fulfillment F. hardG. introduced H. morality I. persuaded J. seized K. spoiled
Here’s to guilt-free flying. Maj a Rosen gave up flying a decade ago out of concern for its environmental impact. But when she became a mother and started hanging out with other parents, she didn’t bring it up, even when the conversation turned to flying. It would have ____31____ the mood.
Then in April 2018, her home country of Sweden ____32____ a tax on aviation (飞行).The climate impacts of flying were on the evening news and the mood changed. Rosen____33____ the moment. With her neighbor Lotta Hammar, she launched a campaign called “We stay on the ground”, which has____34____10,000 people to commit to avoid flights in 2019.
Kudos. But here’s the ____35____ truth: in the grand scheme of things, barely anyone will follow suit. The ____36____ classes tend to have a lot to say about the eco benefits of avoiding meat, cycling and eating locally sourced food. But that ____37____ generally disappears when it comes to flying.
We can’t rely on international ____38____ to stop aviation emission either. Yes, the UN has fixed up a deal to cap aviation emissions beyond 2020. But it lacks real bite, allowing airlines to continue emitting carbon provided they offset (抵消)it.
All this means we could really do with green tech riding to the rescue. Here, at least, there is a little good news. Even rather simple measures like freeing planes to fly in straighter lines could ____39____ cut carbon emissions. Hybrid (混合动力的)electric aircraft are also the pipeline. And we already know that planes can mix up to 50 per cent biofuels into their tanks and fly safely.
It’s time to redouble our_____40_____ to make planes green. In the meantime, if you are still looking for a New Year’s resolution, you might want to think about joining those 105000 Swedes.
Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A. B.C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context
Human beings have somehow managed to engineer the night to receive us by filling it with light. This kind of control is no different from the feat ( 壮 举 ) of damming a river. Its benefits come with____41____ — called light pollution — whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design. ____42____ lighting washes out the darkness of night, altering light levels and light rhythms to which many forms of life, including ourselves, have____43____. Wherever man-made light spills into the natural world, some aspects of life-migration, reproduction, feeding-is affected.
For most human history, the phrase “light pollution” would have____44____. Imagine walking towards London on a moonlit night around 1800, when it was Earth’s most populous city. Nearly a million people lived there, ____45____ candles, torches and lanterns, as they always had. Only a few houses were lit by gas, and there would be no public gaslights in the streets or squares for another seven years. From a few miles away, you would have been more likely to____46____ London than to see its dim collective glow.
We’ve lit up the night as if it were a(n) ____47____ country. As a matter of fact, among mammals (哺乳动物) alone, the number of species active at night is astonishing. Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet attracting them to it. The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being____48____ by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms, circling and circling in the thousands until they drop.
It was once thought that light pollution only affected astronomers, who need to see the night sky in all its glorious clarity. Unlike astronomers, most of us may not need a____49____ view of the night sky for our work. _____50_____, like most other creatures, we do need darkness. _____51_____ darkness is pointless. It is as essential to maintaining our biological welfare as_____52_____ itself; the price of modifying our internal clockwork means it doesn’t operate as it should, causing various physical discomforts. So fundamental are the regular rhythms of waking and sleep to our being that_____53_____ them is similar to altering our center of gravity.
In a very real sense, light pollution causes us to_____54_____ our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best_____55_____ against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way — the edge of our galaxy — arching overhead.
41．A．consequences B．achievements C．agreements D．circumstances
42．A．Randomly-designed B．Well-designed
C．Poorly-designed D．Economically-designed
43．A．appealed B．adapted C．objected D．amounted
44．A．come under criticism B．made no difference
C．come into effect D．made no sense
45．A．making do with B．fed up with C．identifying with D．overflowing with
46．A．visit B．greet C．feel D．smell
47．A．independent B．disconnected C．unoccupied D．excluded
48．A．exposed B．captured C．dismissed D．frustrated
49．A．clear B．comprehensive C．traditional D．critical
50．A．Subsequently B．However C．Therefore D．Similarly
51．A．Reviewing B．Embracing C．Denying D．Regulating
52．A．light B．rhythm C．status D．dawn
53．A．emerging from B．withdrawing from C．messing with D．coinciding with
54．A．keep track of B．lose sight of C．catch hold of D．let go of
55．A．measured B．neutralized C．undergone D．supervised
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
A great deal can be learned from the actual traces of ancient human movement: the footprints of early hominids (原始人类). The best-known specimens (标本) are the remarkable tracks discovered at Laetoli, Tanzania, by Mary Leaky. These were left by small hominids around 3.6 to 3.75 million years ago.
Examination of the shape of the prints revealed to Mary Leakey that the feet had a raised arch, a rounded heel (脚跟), a pronounced ball, and a big toe that pointed forward. These features, together with the weight-bearing pressure patterns, resembled the prints of upright-walking modem humans. The pressures imposed along the foot, together with the length of step, which averaged 87 centimeters, indicated that the hominids had been walking slowly. In short, all the detectable features implied that the feet that left the footprints were very little different from those of contemporary humans.
A detailed study has been made of the prints using photogrammetry, a technique for obtaining measurements through photographs, which created a drawing showing all the curves and shapes of the prints. The result emphasized that there were at least seven points of similarity with modem prints, such as the depth of the heel impression, and the deep imprint of the big toe. Footprints thus provide us not merely with rare impressions of the soft tissue of early hominids, but also with evidence of upright walking that in many ways is clearer than can be obtained from the analysis of bones.
The study of fossil footprints is not restricted to examples from such remote periods. Hundreds of prints are known, for example, in French caves dating from the end of the last Ice Age, approximately 10,000 years ago. Research by Leon Pales has provided information about this period.
56．What does the passage mainly discuss
A．The career of Mary Leakey.
B．The analysis of footprint specimens.
C．Accurate dating of hominid remains.
D．Behavioral patterns of early humans.
57．The figure of 87 centimeters mentioned in paragraph 2 refers to the size of the _________.
A．hominids feet
B．hominids bodies
C．steps taken by the hominids
D．objects carried by the hominids
58．Why does the author mention the “heel impression” in paragraph 3
A．To indicate the weight of early hominids.
B．To emphasize the size of the hominids foot.
C．To hint at a possible injury the hominid had suffered.
D．To give an example of similarity to modem human footprints.
59．What can be inferred about the footprints found in French caves mentioned in the last paragraph
A．They show more details than the Laetoli prints.
B．They are not as informative as the Laetoli prints.
C．They are of more recent origin than the Laetoli prints.
D．They are more difficult to study than the Laetoli prints
（B）
About 14.5 percent of our greenhouse-gas emissions come from livestock (家畜). But what if you could eat a burger without having a cow
When Mark Post grew the first lab-made beef in 2013, the patty (“close to meat but not that juicy,”according to one taste tester) cost $330,000. The estimated price of a frankenburger is now a much more reasonable $12, and some start-ups say mock meat will hit shelves within a couple of years.
Plants will most likely always be the greenest protein, but cultured meat could at least become more sustainable than flesh grown on the bone. Here’s how some estimates say it will shake out in land and water use, and emissions.
1/5FOOTBALL FIELD 409PROPANE TANKS (瓦斯罐) 446,000TOILET FLUSHES (冲水)
Making a metric ton of lab- grown protein wouldn’t require much land, according to researchers Hanna Tuomisto and Avijit Ray. But the 2.6 fields taken up cultivating the same protein from fava, kidney, or black beans aren’t wasted: These crops help keep fields healthy storing nutrients in soil. So we’ll call that a draw. Our cultured meat would emit a barbecue tournament’s worth of greenhouse gas. That’s less than one-tenth the emissions of real beef but more than double the amount of soybeans, a vegan favourite. On the other hand, products like tofu require further processing, which means more gas. Lab-grown food would use 713,265 gallons of water; more than 200 times what you send down the toilet annually. A metric ton of old-school beef protein takes 16 million flushes. Water is decreasing and agriculture does most of the consumption, so test-tube beef might be worthwhile for bean discounters.
60．According to the passage, which of the following statements is true of lab-grown beef
A．It has already sold well.
B．It is now more affordable.
C．It is more sustainable than plants.
D．It first emerged in the 20th century.
61．The table in the passage is intended to________ .
A．call for our attention to some environmental issues
B．explain why lab-grown beef is well-received
C．illustrate how eco-firiendly beef equivalent is
D．justify our actions to give up test-tube beef
62．What can be learned from the table
A．Cultured meat tastes better if barbecued properly
B．Lab-grown beef emits less greenhouse gas than tofu.
C．Test-tube beef takes much more water than old-school beef
D．Making a metric ton of lab-grown protein requires 2.6 fields.
( C )
It could have been anywhere, my first intentionally photo-free journey, but it just happened to be Ethiopia. Photographic equipment can be a great physical burden. It may weigh anything from a few hundred grams to several kilos, depending on how seriously one approaches the business of picture-taking. Yet the real burden of photography is mental, not physical; it is the feeling of needing to take photographs, that because you have a camera you must use it.
In the first few days of camera-less travel, there are certainly moments of frustration at letting one great photograph after another go past, but having no camera, and thus being unable to take photographs, surprisingly soon stops the urge to do so. Very quickly, scenes become appreciated for what they are, rather than for the photographs they would have made.
Climbing up the western wall of the Great Rift Valley, on the way to the capital, Addis Ababa, the road emerges from a tunnel onto open, grassy plains — a small piece of uncharacteristically undomesticated countryside, with an even more uncharacteristic population of wild animals. They looked magnificent in the tearing wind, and through binoculars (双筒望远镜) they could be absorbed at leisure — theirs and mine. And thus unseen, I watched them play, free from concerns as to how close I could risk going with my camera without losing the very moment I sought to capture.
Exciting though stalking (跟踪) wild creatures can be, the photographer must obviously stalk as much out of sight as possible, thus being denied any chance of actually watching them. The photographer’s mind is effectively stopped from experiencing any more than the photographic possibilities of the scene. At eye level, the camera not only creates a physical barrier but also isolates the photographer from the joyful reality of the subject, and from everywhere else around them too. Then comes the climax, the press of the button, the pull of the trigger (快门), before more stalking, more photographs and, inevitably, the stalking too far which frightens the animals to flight. The difference between looking in order to photograph and actually seeing what is there is never more distinct than when taking pictures of animals, to the extent that the two become almost mutually exclusive. There is time only for deciding the best way to take the photograph, before addressing more practical technicalities — how to keep the minibus’s wheel out of the shot of lions, or get enough depth of field so all the flamingos (火烈鸟) on the lake are in focus at once.
63．According to the first paragraph, what is the main problem that photographers face while travelling
A．Moving their heavy equipment about
B．Locating places to purchase batteries.
C．Trying to get the best possible shots.
D．Being under pressure to take photographs.
64．The writer suggests in the second paragraph that people who choose to leave their cameras at home ________.
A．conclude that the decision was unrealistic
B．rapidly lose the desire to take any photographs
C．come to consider previous trips as unsatisfactory
D．appreciate the excellence of other people’s photos
65．What does the writer suggest about the animals he sees
A．They were too far away to be usefully observed.
B．They were surprisingly unaffected by the closeness of humans.
C．They might have been enjoying the situation for more than he was.
D．They might have become alarmed by the presence of a photographer.
66．The writer questions the value of stalking animals because a photographer ________.
A．can cause the animals to behave aggressively towards people
B．may become too uncomfortable to take reasonable shots
C．may not be able to appreciate the situation fully
D．can easily become distracted from his task
Section C
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.
Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities. _____67_____
Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. _____68_____
People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g., “I volunteer because it’s important to me”) to an external factor (e.g., “I volunteer because I’m required to do so”). __________69__________ People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.
Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time To answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. Having followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year, they have found that one of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. This result may lead to practical advice. The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.
______70______ It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work. Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.” Consistent with the researchers’ expectations, they found a positive correlation between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer.
A．Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role.
B．To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.
C．When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future.
D．So it is of great importance to study volunteer behaviors and how to organize volunteer activities.
E．To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.
F．These results also suggest that continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity.
IV. Summary Writing
71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point( s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
How We Find Our Direction
Psychologists have found that there are two main ways that successful travelers use to navigate (确定位置) their environment.
The first is to follow a fixed route from here to there. Cognitive (认知的) psychologist Barbara Tver sky describes route navigation as a series of paths and choice points that is basically selfcentered: it is constructed for the purpose of reaching one particular goal from a fixed starting point, and the entire journey is explained from the point of view of the traveler.
The second navigational strategy involves a bird’s-eye view — a map of the general area. Maps are overviews, “surveys of a space of possibilities,” that lay out a variety of possible paths. Maps almost always rely on cardinal directions (基本方位), usually east-west and north-south, that anchor them to a larger space. When we use a map to get somewhere, it is up to us to figure out the most proper route, or the alternatives, for ourselves.
So how does this work out in the real world In her 2019 book, Mind in Motion, Tversky acknowledges that most of us do not carry a file drawer of maps in our heads. Instead, we use a combination of methods to get where we are going: part turn-by-turn directions, part bird’s-eye view, and part general map-like information(it’s somewhere near the center of town; we’ll be traveling toward Omaha; the mid-day sun is on our left, so we are still heading west) and helpful landmarks. For this reason, Tversky refers to our way finding plans not as “cognitive maps” but as “cognitive collages (拼贴画)”.
But it is important to note that most navigational directions of moderate complexity depend in part on the ability to understand a map perspective. Sometimes maps just make for better directions, but they are essential if we make a mistake and have to figure out how to correct our course.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
V. Translation (共15分。第1小题和第2小题,每题3分;第3题4分;第4题5分。)
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets
72．显而易见，照片上的形象与我眼前的这个人一点不像。（look）(汉译英)
73．在学生们的要求下，这位来自葡萄牙的老师唱了一首他们的民歌。（request）(汉译英)
74．开展线上活动，是想鼓励孩子们随时随地体验运动的快乐。（intend）(汉译英)
75．最终，产品不仅比我预期的好，而且还可以在短时间内上市。（Not only ...） （汉译英）
VI.Guided Writing (共25分)
Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese
假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近在一本英语杂志上读到一篇文章，作者认为“第一印象在人际交往中非常重要”，你对此话题很感兴趣，写一封邮件给该杂志“读者来信”专栏，内容须包括：
1)你是否赞同作者的这一观点；
2)用具体事例说明你的观点。
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